8 U.S.C. § 1227 — Deportable aliens

Page 300 TITLE 8—ALIENS AND NATIONALITY § 1227 ‘‘(4) the length of the detention for each alien so certified; and ‘‘(5) the number of aliens so certified who— ‘‘(A) were granted any form of relief from re- moval; ‘‘(B) were removed; ‘‘(C) the Attorney General has determined are no longer aliens who may be so certified; or ‘‘(D) were released from detention.’’ § 1227. Deportable aliens (a) Classes of deportable aliens Any alien (including an alien crewman) in and admitted to the United States shall, upon the order of the Attorney General, be removed if the alien is within one or more of the following classes of deportable aliens: (1) Inadmissible at time of entry or of adjust- ment of status or violates status (A) Inadmissible aliens Any alien who at the time of entry or ad- justment of status was within one or more of the classes of aliens inadmissible by the law existing at such time is deportable. (B) Present in violation of law Any alien who is present in the United States in violation of this chapter or any other law of the United States, or whose nonimmigrant visa (or other documentation authorizing admission into the United States as a nonimmigrant) has been revoked under section 1201(i) of this title, is deport- able. (C) Violated nonimmigrant status or condi- tion of entry (i) Nonimmigrant status violators Any alien who was admitted as a non- immigrant and who has failed to maintain the nonimmigrant status in which the alien was admitted or to which it was changed under section 1258 of this title, or to comply with the conditions of any such status, is deportable. (ii) Violators of conditions of entry Any alien whom the Secretary of Health and Human Services certifies has failed to comply with terms, conditions, and con- trols that were imposed under section 1182(g) of this title is deportable. (D) Termination of conditional permanent residence (i) In general Any alien with permanent resident sta- tus on a conditional basis under section 1186a of this title (relating to conditional permanent resident status for certain alien spouses and sons and daughters) or under section 1186b of this title (relating to conditional permanent resident status for certain alien entrepreneurs, spouses, and children) who has had such status ter- minated under such respective section is deportable. (ii) Exception Clause (i) shall not apply in the cases de- scribed in section 1186a(c)(4) of this title (relating to certain hardship waivers). (E) Smuggling (i) In general Any alien who (prior to the date of entry, at the time of any entry, or within 5 years of the date of any entry) knowingly has encouraged, induced, assisted, abetted, or aided any other alien to enter or to try to enter the United States in violation of law is deportable. (ii) Special rule in the case of family reuni- fication Clause (i) shall not apply in the case of alien who is an eligible immigrant (as de- fined in section 301(b)(1) of the Immigra- tion Act of 1990), was physically present in the United States on May 5, 1988, and is seeking admission as an immediate rel- ative or under section 1153(a)(2) of this title (including under section 112 of the Immigration Act of 1990) or benefits under section 301(a) of the Immigration Act of 1990 if the alien, before May 5, 1988, has en- couraged, induced, assisted, abetted, or aided only the alien’s spouse, parent, son, or daughter (and no other individual) to enter the United States in violation of law. (iii) Waiver authorized The Attorney General may, in his discre- tion for humanitarian purposes, to assure family unity, or when it is otherwise in the public interest, waive application of clause (i) in the case of any alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence if the alien has encouraged, induced, assisted, abetted, or aided only an individual who at the time of the offense was the alien’s spouse, parent, son, or daughter (and no other individual) to enter the United States in violation of law. (F) Repealed. Pub. L. 104–208, div. C, title VI, § 671(d)(1)(C), Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–723 (G) Marriage fraud An alien shall be considered to be deport- able as having procured a visa or other docu- mentation by fraud (within the meaning of section 1182(a)(6)(C)(i) of this title) and to be in the United States in violation of this chapter (within the meaning of subpara- graph (B)) if— (i) the alien obtains any admission into the United States with an immigrant visa or other documentation procured on the basis of a marriage entered into less than 2 years prior to such admission of the alien and which, within 2 years subsequent to any admission of the alien in the United States, shall be judicially annulled or ter- minated, unless the alien establishes to the satisfaction of the Attorney General that such marriage was not contracted for the purpose of evading any provisions of the immigration laws, or (ii) it appears to the satisfaction of the Attorney General that the alien has failed or refused to fulfill the alien’s marital agreement which in the opinion of the At- torney General was made for the purpose Page 301 TITLE 8—ALIENS AND NATIONALITY § 1227 of procuring the alien’s admission as an immigrant. (H) Waiver authorized for certain misrepre- sentations The provisions of this paragraph relating to the removal of aliens within the United States on the ground that they were inad- missible at the time of admission as aliens described in section 1182(a)(6)(C)(i) of this title, whether willful or innocent, may, in the discretion of the Attorney General, be waived for any alien (other than an alien de- scribed in paragraph (4)(D)) who— (i)(I) is the spouse, parent, son, or daugh- ter of a citizen of the United States or of an alien lawfully admitted to the United States for permanent residence; and (II) was in possession of an immigrant visa or equivalent document and was oth- erwise admissible to the United States at the time of such admission except for those grounds of inadmissibility specified under paragraphs (5)(A) and (7)(A) of sec- tion 1182(a) of this title which were a di- rect result of that fraud or misrepresenta- tion. (ii) is a VAWA self-petitioner. A waiver of removal for fraud or misrepre- sentation granted under this subparagraph shall also operate to waive removal based on the grounds of inadmissibility directly re- sulting from such fraud or misrepresenta- tion. (2) Criminal offenses (A) General crimes (i) Crimes of moral turpitude Any alien who— (I) is convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude committed within five years (or 10 years in the case of an alien provided lawful permanent resident sta- tus under section 1255(j) of this title) after the date of admission, and (II) is convicted of a crime for which a sentence of one year or longer may be imposed, is deportable. (ii) Multiple criminal convictions Any alien who at any time after admis- sion is convicted of two or more crimes in- volving moral turpitude, not arising out of a single scheme of criminal misconduct, regardless of whether confined therefor and regardless of whether the convictions were in a single trial, is deportable. (iii) Aggravated felony Any alien who is convicted of an aggra- vated felony at any time after admission is deportable. (iv) High speed flight Any alien who is convicted of a violation of section 758 of title 18 (relating to high speed flight from an immigration check- point) is deportable. (v) Failure to register as a sex offender Any alien who is convicted under section 2250 of title 18 is deportable. (vi) Waiver authorized Clauses (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv) shall not apply in the case of an alien with respect to a criminal conviction if the alien subse- quent to the criminal conviction has been granted a full and unconditional pardon by the President of the United States or by the Governor of any of the several States. (B) Controlled substances (i) Conviction Any alien who at any time after admis- sion has been convicted of a violation of (or a conspiracy or attempt to violate) any law or regulation of a State, the United States, or a foreign country relating to a controlled substance (as defined in section 802 of title 21), other than a single offense involving possession for one’s own use of 30 grams or less of marijuana, is deportable. (ii) Drug abusers and addicts Any alien who is, or at any time after admission has been, a drug abuser or ad- dict is deportable. (C) Certain firearm offenses Any alien who at any time after admission is convicted under any law of purchasing, selling, offering for sale, exchanging, using, owning, possessing, or carrying, or of at- tempting or conspiring to purchase, sell, offer for sale, exchange, use, own, possess, or carry, any weapon, part, or accessory which is a firearm or destructive device (as defined in section 921(a) of title 18) in violation of any law is deportable. (D) Miscellaneous crimes Any alien who at any time has been con- victed (the judgment on such conviction be- coming final) of, or has been so convicted of a conspiracy or attempt to violate— (i) any offense under chapter 37 (relating to espionage), chapter 105 (relating to sab- otage), or chapter 115 (relating to treason and sedition) of title 18 for which a term of imprisonment of five or more years may be imposed; (ii) any offense under section 871 or 960 of title 18; (iii) a violation of any provision of the Military Selective Service Act (50 U.S.C. App. 451 et seq.) [now 50 U.S.C. 3801 et seq.] or the Trading With the Enemy Act (50 U.S.C. App. 1 et seq.) [now 50 U.S.C. 4301 et seq.]; or (iv) a violation of section 1185 or 1328 of this title, is deportable. (E) Crimes of domestic violence, stalking, or violation of protection order, crimes against children and (i) Domestic violence, stalking, and child abuse Any alien who at any time after admis- sion is convicted of a crime of domestic vi- olence, a crime of stalking, or a crime of child abuse, child neglect, or child aban- donment is deportable. For purposes of Page 302 TITLE 8—ALIENS AND NATIONALITY § 1227 this clause, the term ‘‘crime of domestic violence’’ means any crime of violence (as defined in section 16 of title 18) against a person committed by a current or former spouse of the person, by an individual with whom the person shares a child in com- mon, by an individual who is cohabiting with or has cohabited with the person as a spouse, by an individual similarly situated to a spouse of the person under the domes- tic or family violence laws of the jurisdic- tion where the offense occurs, or by any other individual against a person who is protected from that individual’s acts under the domestic or family violence laws of the United States or any State, Indian tribal government, or unit of local govern- ment. (ii) Violators of protection orders Any alien who at any time after admis- sion is enjoined under a protection order issued by a court and whom the court de- termines has engaged in conduct that vio- lates the portion of a protection order that involves protection against credible threats of violence, repeated harassment, or bodily injury to the person or persons for whom the protection order was issued is deportable. For purposes of this clause, the term ‘‘protection order’’ means any in- junction issued for the purpose of pre- venting violent or threatening acts of do- mestic violence, including temporary or final orders issued by civil or criminal courts (other than support or child cus- tody orders or provisions) whether ob- tained by filing an independent action or as a pendente lite order in another pro- ceeding. (F) Trafficking Any alien described in section 1182(a)(2)(H) of this title is deportable. (3) Failure to register and falsification of docu- ments (A) Change of address An alien who has failed to comply with the provisions of section 1305 of this title is de- portable, unless the alien establishes to the satisfaction of the Attorney General that such failure was reasonably excusable or was not willful. (B) Failure to register or falsification of doc- uments Any alien who at any time has been con- victed— (i) under section 1306(c) of this title or under section 36(c) of the Alien Registra- tion Act, 1940, (ii) of a violation of, or an attempt or a conspiracy to violate, any provision of the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938 (22 U.S.C. 611 et seq.), or (iii) of a violation of, or an attempt or a conspiracy to violate, section 1546 of title 18 (relating to fraud and misuse of visas, permits, and other entry documents), is deportable. (C) Document fraud (i) In general An alien who is the subject of a final order for violation of section 1324c of this title is deportable. (ii) Waiver authorized The Attorney General may waive clause (i) in the case of an alien lawfully admit- ted for permanent residence if no previous civil money penalty was imposed against the alien under section 1324c of this title and the offense was incurred solely to as- sist, aid, or support the alien’s spouse or child (and no other individual). No court shall have jurisdiction to review a decision of the Attorney General to grant or deny a waiver under this clause. (D) Falsely claiming citizenship (i) In general Any alien who falsely represents, or has falsely represented, himself to be a citizen of the United States for any purpose or benefit under this chapter (including sec- tion 1324a of this title) or any Federal or State law is deportable. (ii) Exception In the case of an alien making a rep- resentation described in clause (i), if each natural parent of the alien (or, in the case of an adopted alien, each adoptive parent of the alien) is or was a citizen (whether by birth or naturalization), the alien perma- nently resided in the United States prior to attaining the age of 16, and the alien reasonably believed at the time of making such representation that he or she was a citizen, the alien shall not be considered to be deportable under any provision of this subsection based on such representation. (4) Security and related grounds (A) In general Any alien who has engaged, is engaged, or at any time after admission engages in— (i) any activity to violate any law of the United States relating to espionage or sab- otage or to violate or evade any law pro- hibiting the export from the United States of goods, technology, or sensitive informa- tion, (ii) any other criminal activity which endangers public safety or national secu- rity, or (iii) any activity a purpose of which is the opposition to, or the control or over- throw of, the Government of the United States by force, violence, or other unlaw- ful means, is deportable. (B) Terrorist activities Any alien who is described in subpara- graph (B) or (F) of section 1182(a)(3) of this title is deportable. (C) Foreign policy (i) In general An alien whose presence or activities in the United States the Secretary of State Page 303 TITLE 8—ALIENS AND NATIONALITY § 1227 1 So in original. No cl. (ii) has been enacted. 2 So in original. Probably should be ‘‘in’’. has reasonable ground to believe would have potentially serious adverse foreign policy consequences for the United States is deportable. (ii) Exceptions The exceptions described in clauses (ii) and (iii) of section 1182(a)(3)(C) of this title shall apply to deportability under clause (i) in the same manner as they apply to in- admissibility under section 1182(a)(3)(C)(i) of this title. (D) Participated in Nazi persecution, geno- cide, or the commission of any act of tor- ture or extrajudicial killing Any alien described in clause (i), (ii), or (iii) of section 1182(a)(3)(E) of this title is de- portable. (E) Participated in the commission of severe violations of religious freedom Any alien described in section 1182(a)(2)(G) of this title is deportable. (F) Recruitment or use of child soldiers Any alien who has engaged in the recruit- ment or use of child soldiers in violation of section 2442 of title 18 is deportable. (5) Public charge Any alien who, within five years after the date of entry, has become a public charge from causes not affirmatively shown to have arisen since entry is deportable. (6) Unlawful voters (A) In general Any alien who has voted in violation of any Federal, State, or local constitutional provision, statute, ordinance, or regulation is deportable. (B) Exception In the case of an alien who voted in a Fed- eral, State, or local election (including an initiative, recall, or referendum) in violation of a lawful restriction of voting to citizens, if each natural parent of the alien (or, in the case of an adopted alien, each adoptive par- ent of the alien) is or was a citizen (whether by birth or naturalization), the alien perma- nently resided in the United States prior to attaining the age of 16, and the alien reason- ably believed at the time of such violation that he or she was a citizen, the alien shall not be considered to be deportable under any provision of this subsection based on such violation. (7) Waiver for victims of domestic violence (A) In general The Attorney General is not limited by the criminal court record and may waive the ap- plication of paragraph (2)(E)(i) (with respect to crimes of domestic violence and crimes of stalking) and (ii) in the case of an alien who has been battered or subjected to extreme cruelty and who is not and was not the pri- mary perpetrator of violence in the relation- ship— (i) 1 upon a determination that— (I) the alien was acting is 2 self-defense; (II) the alien was found to have vio- lated a protection order intended to pro- tect the alien; or (III) the alien committed, was arrested for, was convicted of, or pled guilty to committing a crime— (aa) that did not result in serious bodily injury; and (bb) where there was a connection be- tween the crime and the alien’s having been battered or subjected to extreme cruelty. (B) Credible evidence considered In acting on applications under this para- graph, the Attorney General shall consider any credible evidence relevant to the appli- cation. The determination of what evidence is credible and the weight to be given that evidence shall be within the sole discretion of the Attorney General. (b) Deportation of certain nonimmigrants An alien, admitted as a nonimmigrant under the provisions of either section 1101(a)(15)(A)(i) or 1101(a)(15)(G)(i) of this title, and who fails to maintain a status under either of those provi- sions, shall not be required to depart from the United States without the approval of the Sec- retary of State, unless such alien is subject to deportation under paragraph (4) of subsection (a). (c) Waiver of grounds for deportation Paragraphs (1)(A), (1)(B), (1)(C), (1)(D), and (3)(A) of subsection (a) (other than so much of paragraph (1) as relates to a ground of inadmis- sibility described in paragraph (2) or (3) of sec- tion 1182(a) of this title) shall not apply to a spe- cial immigrant described in section 1101(a)(27)(J) of this title based upon circumstances that ex- isted before the date the alien was provided such special immigrant status. (d) Administrative stay (1) If the Secretary of Homeland Security de- termines that an application for nonimmigrant status under subparagraph (T) or (U) of section 1101(a)(15) of this title filed for an alien in the United States sets forth a prima facie case for approval, the Secretary may grant the alien an administrative stay of a final order of removal under section 1231(c)(2) of this title until— (A) the application for nonimmigrant status under such subparagraph (T) or (U) is ap- proved; or (B) there is a final administrative denial of the application for such nonimmigrant status after the exhaustion of administrative ap- peals. (2) The denial of a request for an administra- tive stay of removal under this subsection shall not preclude the alien from applying for a stay of removal, deferred action, or a continuance or abeyance of removal proceedings under any other provision of the immigration laws of the United States. (3) During any period in which the administra- tive stay of removal is in effect, the alien shall not be removed. Page 304 TITLE 8—ALIENS AND NATIONALITY § 1227 (4) Nothing in this subsection may be con- strued to limit the authority of the Secretary of Homeland Security or the Attorney General to grant a stay of removal or deportation in any case not described in this subsection. (June 27, 1952, ch. 477, title II, ch. 4, § 237, for- merly ch. 5, § 241, 66 Stat. 204; July 18, 1956, ch. 629, title III, § 301(b), (c), 70 Stat. 575; Pub. L. 86–648, § 9, July 14, 1960, 74 Stat. 505; Pub. L. 87–301, § 16, Sept. 26, 1961, 75 Stat. 655; Pub. L. 89–236, § 11(e), Oct. 3, 1965, 79 Stat. 918; Pub. L. 94–571, § 7(e), Oct. 20, 1976, 90 Stat. 2706; Pub. L. 95–549, title I, § 103, Oct. 30, 1978, 92 Stat. 2065; Pub. L. 97–116, § 8, Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1616; Pub. L. 99–570, title I, § 1751(b), Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3207–47; Pub. L. 99–603, title III, § 303(b), Nov. 6, 1986, 100 Stat. 3431; Pub. L. 99–639, § 2(b), Nov. 10, 1986, 100 Stat. 3541; Pub. L. 99–653, § 7(c), Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 3657; Pub. L. 100–525, §§ 2(n)(2), 9(m), Oct. 24, 1988, 102 Stat. 2613, 2620; Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §§ 7344(a), 7348(a), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4470, 4473; Pub. L. 101–649, title I, § 153(b), title V, §§ 505(a), 508(a), 544(b), title VI, § 602(a), (b), Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 5006, 5050, 5051, 5061, 5077, 5081; Pub. L. 102–232, title III, §§ 302(d)(3), 307(h), (k), Dec. 12, 1991, 105 Stat. 1745, 1755, 1756; Pub. L. 103–322, title XIII, § 130003(d), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2026; Pub. L. 103–416, title II, §§ 203(b), 219(g), Oct. 25, 1994, 108 Stat. 4311, 4317; Pub. L. 104–132, title IV, §§ 414(a), 435(a), Apr. 24, 1996, 110 Stat. 1270, 1274; renumbered ch. 4, § 237, and amended Pub. L. 104–208, div. C, title I, § 108(c), title III, §§ 301(d), 305(a)(2), 308(d)(2), (3)(A), (e)(1)(E), (2)(C), (f)(1)(L)–(N), (5), 344(b), 345(b), 347(b), 350(a), 351(b), title VI, § 671(a)(4)(B), (d)(1)(C), Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–558, 3009–579, 3009–598, 3009–617, 3009–619 to 3009–622, 3009–637 to 3009–640, 3009–721, 3009–723; Pub. L. 106–386, div. B, title V, § 1505(b)(1), (c)(2), Oct. 28, 2000, 114 Stat. 1525, 1526; Pub. L. 106–395, title II, § 201(c)(1), (2), Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1634, 1635; Pub. L. 107–56, title IV, § 411(b)(1), Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 348; Pub. L. 108–458, title V, §§ 5304(b), 5402, 5501(b), 5502(b), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3736, 3737, 3740, 3741; Pub. L. 109–13, div. B, title I, § 105(a)(1), (b), May 11, 2005, 119 Stat. 309, 310; Pub. L. 109–248, title IV, § 401, July 27, 2006, 120 Stat. 622; Pub. L. 109–271, § 6(c), Aug. 12, 2006, 120 Stat. 763; Pub. L. 110–340, § 2(c), Oct. 3, 2008, 122 Stat. 3736; Pub. L. 110–457, title II, §§ 204, 222(f)(2), Dec. 23, 2008, 122 Stat. 5060, 5071.) Editorial Notes REFERENCES IN TEXT This chapter, referred to in subsec. (a)(1)(B), (G), (3)(D)(i), was in the original, ‘‘this Act’’, meaning act June 27, 1952, ch. 477, 66 Stat. 163, known as the Immi- gration and Nationality Act, which is classified prin- cipally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1101 of this title and Tables. Section 301 of the Immigration Act of 1990, referred to in subsec. (a)(1)(E)(ii), is section 301 of Pub. L. 101–649, which is set out as a note under section 1255a of this title. Section 112 of the Immigration Act of 1990, referred to in subsec. (a)(1)(E)(ii), is section 112 of Pub. L. 101–649, which is set out as a note under section 1153 of this title. The Military Selective Service Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(2)(D)(iii), is act June 24, 1948, ch. 625, 62 Stat. 604, which was classified principally to section 451 et seq. of the former Appendix to Title 50, War and Na- tional Defense, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as chapter 49 (§ 3801 et seq.) of Title 50. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Ta- bles. The Trading With the Enemy Act, referred to in sub- sec. (a)(2)(D)(iii), is act Oct. 6, 1917, ch. 106, 40 Stat. 411, which was classified to sections 1 to 6, 7 to 39 and 41 to 44 of the former Appendix to Title 50, War and National Defense, prior to editorial reclassification and renum- bering as chapter 53 (§ 4301 et seq.) of Title 50. For com- plete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables. The Alien Registration Act, 1940, referred to in sub- sec. (a)(3)(B)(i), is act June 28, 1940, ch. 439, 54 Stat. 670. Section 36(a) of that act was classified to section 457(c) of this title and was repealed by section 403(a)(39) of act June 27, 1952. The Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, referred to in subsec. (a)(3)(B)(ii), is act June 8, 1938, ch. 327, 52 Stat. 631, which is classified generally to subchapter II (§ 611 et seq.) of chapter 11 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 611 of Title 22 and Tables. Section was formerly classified to section 1251 of this title prior to renumbering by Pub. L. 104–208. PRIOR PROVISIONS A prior section 1227, acts June 27, 1952, ch. 477, title II, ch. 4, § 237, 66 Stat. 201; Dec. 29, 1981, Pub. L. 97–116, § 7, 95 Stat. 1615; Oct. 18, 1986, Pub. L. 99–500, § 101(b) [title II, § 206(b)(2)], as added Oct. 24, 1988, Pub. L. 100–525, § 4(b)(4), 102 Stat. 2615; Oct. 24, 1988, Pub. L. 100–525, § 9(l), 102 Stat. 2620; Nov. 29, 1990, Pub. L. 101–649, title V, § 543(a)(2), 104 Stat. 5057; Dec. 12, 1991, Pub. L. 102–232, title III, § 306(c)(4)(B), 105 Stat. 1752; Apr. 24, 1996, Pub. L. 104–132, title IV, § 422(b), 110 Stat. 1272; Sept. 30, 1996, Pub. L. 104–208, div. C, title III, § 308(d)(5), 110 Stat. 3009–619, related to immediate de- portation of aliens excluded from admission or entering in violation of law, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 104–208, div. C, title III, §§ 305(a)(1), 309, Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–597, 3009–625, effective, with certain transitional provisions, on the first day of the first month begin- ning more than 180 days after Sept. 30, 1996. See section 1231 of this title. AMENDMENTS 2008—Subsec. (a)(2)(F). Pub. L. 110–457, § 222(f)(2), added subpar. (F). Subsec. (a)(4)(F). Pub. L. 110–340 added subpar. (F). Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 110–457, § 204, added subsec. (d). 2006—Subsec. (a)(1)(H)(ii). Pub. L. 109–271 amended cl. (ii) generally. Prior to amendment, cl. (ii) read as fol- lows: ‘‘is an alien who qualifies for classification under clause (iii) or (iv) of section 1154(a)(1)(A) of this title or clause (ii) or (iii) of section 1154(a)(1)(B) of this title.’’ Subsec. (a)(2)(A)(v), (vi). Pub. L. 109–248 added cl. (v) and redesignated former cl. (v) as (vi). 2005—Subsec. (a)(4)(B). Pub. L. 109–13, § 105(a)(1), reen- acted heading without change and amended text gen- erally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: ‘‘Any alien who has engaged, is engaged, or at any time after admission engages in any terrorist activity (as defined in section 1182(a)(3)(B)(iv) of this title) is deportable.’’ Subsec. (a)(4)(E). Pub. L. 109–13, § 105(b), repealed Pub. L. 108–458, § 5402. See 2004 Amendment note below. 2004—Subsec. (a)(1)(B). Pub. L. 108–458, § 5304(b), sub- stituted ‘‘United States, or whose nonimmigrant visa (or other documentation authorizing admission into the United States as a nonimmigrant) has been revoked under section 1201(i) of this title, is’’ for ‘‘United States is’’. Subsec. (a)(4)(D). Pub. L. 108–458, § 5501(b), substituted ‘‘Participated in Nazi persecution, genocide, or the commission of any act of torture or extrajudicial kill- ing’’ for ‘‘Assisted in Nazi persecution or engaged in genocide’’ in heading and ‘‘clause (i), (ii), or (iii)’’ for ‘‘clause (i) or (ii)’’ in text. Page 305 TITLE 8—ALIENS AND NATIONALITY § 1227 Subsec. (a)(4)(E). Pub. L. 108–458, § 5502(b), added sub- par. (E) relating to participation in the commission of severe violations of religious freedom. Pub. L. 108–458, § 5402, which added subpar. (E) relat- ing to recipient of military-type training, was repealed by Pub. L. 109–13, § 105(b). See Effective Date of 2005 Amendment note below. 2001—Subsec. (a)(4)(B). Pub. L. 107–56 substituted ‘‘section 1182(a)(3)(B)(iv) of this title’’ for ‘‘section 1182(a)(3)(B)(iii) of this title’’. 2000—Subsec. (a)(1)(H). Pub. L. 106–386, § 1505(c)(2), re- designated cls. (i) and (ii) as subcls. (I) and (II), respec- tively, of cl. (i), and added cl. (ii). Subsec. (a)(3)(D). Pub. L. 106–395, § 201(c)(2), amended heading and text of subpar. (D) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: ‘‘Any alien who false- ly represents, or has falsely represented, himself to be a citizen of the United States for any purpose or benefit under this chapter (including section 1324a of this title) or any Federal or State law is deportable.’’ Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 106–395, § 201(c)(1), amended heading and text of par. (6) generally. Prior to amend- ment, text read as follows: ‘‘Any alien who has voted in violation of any Federal, State, or local constitutional provision, statute, ordinance, or regulation is deport- able.’’ Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 106–386, § 1505(b)(1), added par. (7). 1996—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–208, § 308(e)(2)(C), sub- stituted ‘‘removed’’ for ‘‘deported’’ in introductory pro- visions. Pub. L. 104–208, § 301(d)(1), substituted ‘‘in and admit- ted to the United States’’ for ‘‘in the United States’’ in introductory provisions. Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 104–208, § 301(d)(2), substituted ‘‘Inadmissible’’ for ‘‘Excludable’’ in par. heading. Subsec. (a)(1)(A). Pub. L. 104–208, §§ 301(d)(3), 308(d)(3)(A), amended subpar. (A) identically, sub- stituting ‘‘inadmissible’’ for ‘‘excludable’’. Pub. L. 104–208, § 301(d)(2), substituted ‘‘Inadmissible’’ for ‘‘Excludable’’ in subpar. heading. Subsec. (a)(1)(B). Pub. L. 104–208, § 301(d)(4), amended heading and text of subpar. (B) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: ‘‘Any alien who en- tered the United States without inspection or at any time or place other than as designated by the Attorney General or is in the United States in violation of this chapter or any other law of the United States is deport- able.’’ Subsec. (a)(1)(E)(iii). Pub. L. 104–208, § 351(b), inserted ‘‘an individual who at the time of the offense was’’ after ‘‘aided only’’. Subsec. (a)(1)(F). Pub. L. 104–208, § 671(d)(1)(C), struck out heading and text of subpar. (F). Text read as fol- lows: ‘‘Any alien who obtains the status of an alien lawfully admitted for temporary residence under sec- tion 1161 of this title who fails to meet the requirement of section 1161(d)(5)(A) of this title by the end of the ap- plicable period is deportable.’’ Subsec. (a)(1)(G). Pub. L. 104–208, § 308(f)(1)(L), sub- stituted ‘‘admission’’ for ‘‘entry’’ wherever appearing. Subsec. (a)(1)(H). Pub. L. 104–208, § 308(f)(5), which di- rected amendment of subsec. (a)(1)(H)(ii) by striking ‘‘at entry’’, was executed by striking ‘‘at entry’’ after ‘‘grounds of inadmissibility’’ in concluding provisions of subpar. (H) to reflect the probable intent of Con- gress. Pub. L. 104–208, § 308(f)(1)(M), substituted ‘‘admission as aliens’’ for ‘‘entry as aliens’’ in introductory provi- sions and ‘‘such admission’’ for ‘‘such entry’’ in cl. (ii). Pub. L. 104–208, § 308(e)(1)(E), substituted ‘‘removal’’ for ‘‘deportation’’ wherever appearing. Pub. L. 104–208, § 308(d)(2)(A), (3)(A), amended subpar. (H) identically, substituting ‘‘inadmissible’’ for ‘‘ex- cludable’’ in introductory provisions. Subsec. (a)(2)(A)(i)(I). Pub. L. 104–208, § 671(a)(4)(B), substituted ‘‘1255(j)’’ for ‘‘1255(i)’’. Pub. L. 104–208, § 308(f)(1)(N), substituted ‘‘admission’’ for ‘‘entry’’. Subsec. (a)(2)(A)(i)(II). Pub. L. 104–132, § 435(a), amend- ed subcl. (II) generally. Prior to amendment, subcl. (II) read as follows: ‘‘either is sentenced to confinement or is confined therefor in a prison or correctional institu- tion for one year or longer,’’. Subsec. (a)(2)(A)(ii), (iii). Pub. L. 104–208, § 308(f)(1)(N), substituted ‘‘admission’’ for ‘‘entry’’. Subsec. (a)(2)(A)(iv). Pub. L. 104–208, § 108(c)(2), added cl. (iv). Former cl. (iv) redesignated (v). Subsec. (a)(2)(A)(v). Pub. L. 104–208, § 108(c)(3), sub- stituted ‘‘(iii), and (iv)’’ for ‘‘and (iii)’’. Pub. L. 104–208, § 108(c)(1), redesignated cl. (iv) as (v). Subsec. (a)(2)(B). Pub. L. 104–208, § 308(f)(1)(N), sub- stituted ‘‘admission’’ for ‘‘entry’’ in cls. (i) and (ii). Subsec. (a)(2)(C). Pub. L. 104–208, § 308(f)(1)(N), sub- stituted ‘‘admission’’ for ‘‘entry’’. Subsec. (a)(2)(E). Pub. L. 104–208, § 350(a), added sub- par. (E). Subsec. (a)(2)(E)(i), (ii). Pub. L. 104–208, § 308(f)(1)(N), substituted ‘‘admission’’ for ‘‘entry’’. Subsec. (a)(3)(C). Pub. L. 104–208, § 345(b), amended heading and text of subpar. (C) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: ‘‘Any alien who is the subject of a final order for violation of section 1324c of this title is deportable.’’ Subsec. (a)(3)(D). Pub. L. 104–208, § 344(b), added sub- par. (D). Subsec. (a)(4)(A), (B). Pub. L. 104–208, § 308(f)(1)(N), substituted ‘‘admission’’ for ‘‘entry’’. Subsec. (a)(4)(C)(ii). Pub. L. 104–208, § 308(d)(2)(B), sub- stituted ‘‘inadmissibility’’ for ‘‘excludability’’. Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 104–208, § 347(b), added par. (6). Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 104–208, § 308(d)(2)(C), substituted ‘‘inadmissibility’’ for ‘‘exclusion’’. Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104–208, § 308(d)(2)(D), struck out subsec. (d) which read as follows: ‘‘Notwithstanding any other provision of this subchapter, an alien found in the United States who has not been admitted to the United States after inspection in accordance with sec- tion 1225 of this title is deemed for purposes of this chapter to be seeking entry and admission to the United States and shall be subject to examination and exclusion by the Attorney General under part IV of this subchapter. In the case of such an alien the Attorney General shall provide by regulation an opportunity for the alien to establish that the alien was so admitted.’’ Pub. L. 104–132, § 414(a), added subsec. (d). 1994—Subsec. (a)(2)(A)(i)(I). Pub. L. 103–322 inserted ‘‘(or 10 years in the case of an alien provided lawful per- manent resident status under section 1255(i) of this title)’’ after ‘‘five years’’. Subsec. (a)(2)(C). Pub. L. 103–416, § 203(b)(1), sub- stituted ‘‘, or of attempting or conspiring to purchase, sell, offer for sale, exchange, use, own, possess, or carry,’’ for ‘‘in violation of any law,’’ and inserted ‘‘in violation of any law’’ after ‘‘title 18)’’. Subsec. (a)(3)(B)(ii), (iii). Pub. L. 103–416, § 203(b)(2), inserted ‘‘an attempt or’’ before ‘‘a conspiracy’’. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 103–416, § 219(g), substituted ‘‘and (3)(A) of subsection (a)’’ for ‘‘or (3)(A) of subsection (a)’’. 1991—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 102–232, § 307(h)(1), sub- stituted ‘‘if the alien is within one or more of the fol- lowing classes of deportable aliens’’ for ‘‘if the alien is deportable as being within one or more of the following classes of aliens’’. Subsec. (a)(1)(D)(i). Pub. L. 102–232, § 307(h)(2), in- serted ‘‘respective’’ after ‘‘terminated under such’’. Subsec. (a)(1)(E)(i). Pub. L. 102–232, § 307(h)(3), inserted ‘‘any’’ after ‘‘at the time of’’ and after ‘‘within 5 years of the date of’’ in parenthetical provision. Subsec. (a)(1)(E)(ii), (iii). Pub. L. 102–232, § 307(h)(4), added cl. (ii) and redesignated former cl. (ii) as (iii). Subsec. (a)(1)(G). Pub. L. 102–232, § 307(h)(5), sub- stituted ‘‘section 1182(a)(6)(C)(i)’’ for ‘‘section 1182(a)(5)(C)(i)’’. Subsec. (a)(1)(H). Pub. L. 102–232, § 307(h)(6), sub- stituted ‘‘paragraph (4)(D)’’ for ‘‘paragraph (6) or (7)’’. Subsec. (a)(2)(D). Pub. L. 102–232, § 307(h)(7), inserted ‘‘or attempt’’ after ‘‘conspiracy’’. Subsec. (a)(3)(C). Pub. L. 102–232, § 307(h)(8), added sub- par. (C). Page 306 TITLE 8—ALIENS AND NATIONALITY § 1227 Subsec. (a)(4)(A), (B). Pub. L. 102–232, § 307(h)(9), sub- stituted ‘‘after entry engages’’ for ‘‘after entry has en- gaged’’. Subsec. (a)(4)(C). Pub. L. 102–232, § 307(h)(10), sub- stituted ‘‘excludability’’ for ‘‘excluability’’. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 102–232, § 307(k)(2), redesignated subsec. (h) as (c) and substituted ‘‘existed’’ for ‘‘exist’’. Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 102–232, § 307(k)(1), struck out sub- sec. (d) which related to applicability of this section to aliens belonging to any of the classes enumerated in subsection (a) of this section. Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 102–232, § 307(k)(2), redesignated subsec. (h) as (c). Pub. L. 102–232, § 302(d)(3), struck out comma after ‘‘(3)(A)’’. 1990—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 101–649, § 602(a), amended subsec. (a) generally, consolidating 20 categories of ex- cludable aliens into 5 broader classes. Pub. L. 101–649, § 544(b), added par. (21) which read as follows: ‘‘is the subject of a final order for violation of section 1324c of this title.’’ Pub. L. 101–649, § 508(a), substituted ‘‘conspiracy or at- tempt’’ for ‘‘conspiracy’’ in par. (11). Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 101–649, § 602(b), redesignated sub- sec. (e) as (b), substituted ‘‘paragraph (4) of subsection (a)’’ for ‘‘subsection (a)(6) or (7) of this section’’ and struck out former subsec. (b) which related to non- applicability of subsec. (a)(4) of this section. Pub. L. 101–649, § 505(a), struck out ‘‘(1)’’ after ‘‘crimes shall not apply’’ and ‘‘, or (2) if the court sentencing such alien for such crime shall make, at the time of first imposing judgment or passing sentence, or within thirty days thereafter, a recommendation to the Attor- ney General that such alien not be deported, due notice having been given prior to making such recommenda- tion to representatives of the interested State, the Service, and prosecution authorities, who shall be granted an opportunity to make representations in the matter’’ at end of first sentence, and inserted ‘‘or who has been convicted of an aggravated felony’’ after ‘‘sub- section (a)(11) of this section’’ in second sentence. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 101–649, § 602(b)(1), struck out sub- sec. (c) which related to fraudulent entry. Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 101–649, § 602(b)(2)(B), redesignated subsec. (e) as (b). Subsecs. (f), (g). Pub. L. 101–649, § 602(b)(1), struck out subsecs. (f) and (g) which related to waiver of deporta- tion in specified cases and hardship waivers, respec- tively. Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 101–649, § 153(b)(2), amended sub- sec. (h) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (h) read as follows: ‘‘Paragraphs (1), (2), (5), (9), or (12) of sub- section (a) of this section (other than so much of para- graph (1) as relates to a ground of exclusion described in paragraph (9), (10), (23), (27), (29), or (33) of section 1182(a) of this title) shall not apply to a special immi- grant described in section 1101(a)(27)(J) of this title based upon circumstances that exist before the date the alien was provided such special immigrant status.’’ Pub. L. 101–649, § 153(b)(1), added subsec. (h). 1988—Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 100–690, § 7344(a), inserted cl. (B). Subsec. (a)(14). Pub. L. 100–690 inserted ‘‘any firearm or destructive device (as defined in paragraphs (3) and (4)), respectively, of section 921(a) of title 18, or any re- volver or’’ after ‘‘law’’. Subsec. (a)(17). Pub. L. 100–525, § 9(m), substituted ‘‘amendment, thereof, known as the Trading With the Enemy Act’’ for ‘‘amendment thereof; the Trading With the Enemy Act’’. Subsec. (a)(20). Pub. L. 100–525, § 2(n)(2), substituted ‘‘an alien lawfully admitted’’ for ‘‘an alien who be- comes lawfully admitted’’. 1986—Subsec. (a)(9). Pub. L. 99–639, § 2(b)(1), des- ignated existing provisions as cl. (A) and added cl. (B). Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 99–653 repealed par. (10). Prior to repeal, par. (10) read as follows: ‘‘entered the United States from foreign contiguous territory or adjacent is- lands, having arrived there on a vessel or aircraft of a nonsignatory transportation company under section 1228(a) of this title and was without the required period of stay in such foreign contiguous territory or adjacent islands following such arrival (other than an alien de- scribed in section 1101(a)(27)(A) of this title and aliens born in the Western Hemisphere);’’. Subsec. (a)(11). Pub. L. 99–570 substituted ‘‘any law or regulation of a State, the United States, or a foreign country relating to a controlled substance (as defined in section 802 of title 21)’’ for ‘‘any law or regulation re- lating to the illicit possession of or traffic in narcotic drugs or marihuana, or who has been convicted of a vio- lation of, or a conspiracy to violate, any law or regula- tion governing or controlling the taxing, manufacture, production, compounding, transportation, sale, ex- change, dispensing, giving away, importation, expor- tation, or the possession for the purpose of the manu- facture, production, compounding, transportation, sale, exchange, dispensing, giving away, importation, or ex- portation of opium, coca leaves, heroin, marihuana, any salt derivative or preparation of opium or coca leaves or isonipecaine or any addiction-forming or ad- diction-sustaining opiate’’. Subsec. (a)(20). Pub. L. 99–603 added par. (20). Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 99–639, § 2(b)(2), added subsec. (g). 1981—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 97–116 designated existing provision as par. (1)(A), substituted provision author- izing discretionary waiver of deportation based on visa fraud or misrepresentation in the case of an alien, other than an alien described in subsec. (a)(19) of this section, who is the spouse, parent, or child of a citizen of the United States or of an alien lawfully admitted to the United States for permanent residence and who was in possession of an immigrant visa or equivalent docu- ment and was otherwise admissible to the United States at the time of such entry except for those grounds specified in section 1182(a)(14), (20), and (21) of this title which were a direct result of that fraud or misrepresentation, with relief available to those who have made innocent, as well as fraudulent, misrepre- sentations, for provision requiring mandatory waiver of deportation based on visa fraud or misrepresentation at the time of entry in the case of an alien who is the spouse, parent, or child of a United States citizen or of an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence who is otherwise admissible, and added pars. (1)(B) and (2). 1978—Subsec. (a)(19). Pub. L. 95–549 added par. (19). 1976—Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 94–571 substituted ‘‘(other than an alien described in section 1101(a)(27)(A) of this title and aliens born in the Western Hemi- sphere)’’ for ‘‘(other than an alien who is a native-born citizen of any of the countries enumerated in section 1101(a)(27)(A) of this title and an alien described in sec- tion 1101(a)(27)(B) of this title)’’. 1965—Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 89–236 substituted ‘‘sec- tion 1101(a)(27)(A) of this title’’ for ‘‘section 1101(a)(27)(C) of this title’’. 1961—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 87–301 added subsec. (f). 1960—Subsec. (a)(11). Pub. L. 86–648 inserted ‘‘or mari- huana’’ after ‘‘narcotic drugs’’. 1956—Subsec. (a)(11). Act July 18, 1956, § 301(b), in- cluded conspiracy to violate any narcotic law, and the illicit possession of narcotics, as additional grounds for deportation. Subsec. (b). Act July 18, 1956, § 301(c), inserted at end ‘‘The provisions of this subsection shall not apply in the case of any alien who is charged with being deport- able from the United States under subsection (a)(11) of this section.’’ Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2008 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 110–340 applicable to offenses committed before, on, or after Oct. 3, 2008, see section 3(c) of Pub. L. 111–122, set out as a note under section 1182 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2005 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 109–13, div. B, title I, § 105(a)(2), May 11, 2005, 119 Stat. 309, provided that: ‘‘The amendment made by Page 307 TITLE 8—ALIENS AND NATIONALITY § 1227 paragraph (1) [amending this section] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this division [May 11, 2005], and the amendment, and section 237(a)(4)(B) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1227(a)(4)(B)), as amended by such paragraph, shall apply to— ‘‘(A) removal proceedings instituted before, on, or after the date of the enactment of this division [May 11, 2005]; and ‘‘(B) acts and conditions constituting a ground for inadmissibility, excludability, deportation, or re- moval occurring or existing before, on, or after such date.’’ Pub. L. 109–13, div. B, title I, § 105(b), May 11, 2005, 119 Stat. 310, provided that: ‘‘Effective as of the date of the enactment of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 (Public Law 108–458) [Dec. 17, 2004], section 5402 of such Act [amending this section] is repealed, and the Immigration and Nationality Act [8 U.S.C. 1101 et seq.] shall be applied as if such section had not been enacted.’’ EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2004 AMENDMENT Amendment by section 5304(b) of Pub. L. 108–458 effec- tive Dec. 17, 2004, and applicable to revocations under sections 1155 and 1201(i) of this title made before, on, or after such date, see section 5304(d) of Pub. L. 108–458, set out as a note under section 1155 of this title. Amendment by section 5501(b) of Pub. L. 108–458 ap- plicable to offenses committed before, on, or after Dec. 17, 2004, see section 5501(c) of Pub. L. 108–458, set out as a note under section 1182 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2001 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 107–56 effective Oct. 26, 2001, and applicable to actions taken by an alien before, on, or after Oct. 26, 2001, and to all aliens, regardless of date of entry or attempted entry into the United States, in removal proceedings on or after such date (except for proceedings in which there has been a final administrative decision before such date) or seeking admission to the United States on or after such date, with special rules and exceptions, see section 411(c) of Pub. L. 107–56, set out as a note under section 1182 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2000 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 106–395, title II, § 201(c)(3), Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1635, provided that: ‘‘The amendment made by paragraph (1) [amending this section] shall be effective as if included in the enactment of section 347 of the Il- legal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsi- bility Act of 1996 (Public Law 104–208; 110 Stat. 3009–638) and shall apply to voting occurring before, on, or after September 30, 1996. The amendment made by paragraph (2) [amending this section] shall be effective as if in- cluded in the enactment of section 344 of the Illegal Im- migration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (Public Law 104–208; 110 Stat. 3009–637) and shall apply to representations made on or after September 30, 1996. Such amendments shall apply to individuals in proceedings under the Immigration and Nationality Act [8 U.S.C. 1101 et seq.] on or after September 30, 1996.’’ EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1996 AMENDMENTS Amendment by sections 301(d), 305(a)(2), and 308(d)(2)(A)–(C), (3)(A), (e)(1)(E), (2)(C), (f)(1)(L)–(N), (5) of Pub. L. 104–208 effective, with certain transitional provisions, on the first day of the first month begin- ning more than 180 days after Sept. 30, 1996, see section 309 of Pub. L. 104–208, set out as a note under section 1101 of this title. Pub. L. 104–208, div. C, title III, § 308(d)(2)(D), Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–617, provided that the amendment made by section 308(d)(2)(D) is effective Sept. 30, 1996. Amendment by section 344(b) of Pub. L. 104–208 appli- cable to representations made on or after Sept. 30, 1996, see section 344(c) of Pub. L. 104–208, set out as a note under section 1182 of this title. Amendment by section 347(b) of Pub. L. 104–208 appli- cable to voting occurring before, on, or after Sept. 30, 1996, see section 347(c) of Pub. L. 104–208, set out as a note under section 1182 of this title. Pub. L. 104–208, div. C, title III, § 350(b), Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–640, provided that: ‘‘The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to convictions, or violations of court orders, oc- curring after the date of the enactment of this Act [Sept. 30, 1996].’’ Amendment by section 351(b) of Pub. L. 104–208 appli- cable to applications for waivers filed before, on, or after Sept. 30, 1996, but not applicable to such an appli- cation for which a final determination has been made as of Sept. 30, 1996, see section 351(c) of Pub. L. 104–208, set out as a note under section 1182 of this title. Amendment by section 671(a)(4)(B) of Pub. L. 104–208 effective as if included in the enactment of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, Pub. L. 103–322, see section 671(a)(7) of Pub. L. 104–208, set out as a note under section 1101 of this title. Pub. L. 104–132, title IV, § 414(b), Apr. 24, 1996, 110 Stat. 1270, provided that: ‘‘The amendment made by sub- section (a) [amending this section] shall take effect on the first day of the first month beginning more than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Apr. 24, 1996].’’ Pub. L. 104–132, title IV, § 435(b), Apr. 24, 1996, 110 Stat. 1275, provided that: ‘‘The amendment made by sub- section (a) [amending this section] shall apply to aliens against whom deportation proceedings are initiated after the date of the enactment of this Act [Apr. 24, 1996].’’ EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1994 AMENDMENT Amendment by section 203(b) of Pub. L. 103–416 appli- cable to convictions occurring before, on, or after Oct. 25, 1994, see section 203(c) of Pub. L. 103–416, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 1994 Amend- ments note under section 1182 of this title. Amendment by section 219(g) of Pub. L. 103–416 effec- tive as if included in the enactment of the Immigration Act of 1990, Pub. L. 101–649, see section 219(dd) of Pub. L. 103–416, set out as a note under section 1101 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1991 AMENDMENT Amendment by sections 302(d)(3), 307(h) of Pub. L. 102–232 effective as if included in the enactment of the Immigration Act of 1990, Pub. L. 101–649, see section 310(1) of Pub. L. 102–232, set out as a note under section 1101 of this title. Pub. L. 102–232, title III, § 307(k), Dec. 12, 1991, 105 Stat. 1756, provided that the amendment made by sec- tion 307(k) is effective as if included in section 602(b) of the Immigration Act of 1990, Pub. L. 101–649. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1990 AMENDMENT Amendment by section 153(b)(1) of Pub. L. 101–649 ef- fective Nov. 29, 1990, and (unless otherwise provided) ap- plicable to fiscal year 1991, see section 161(b) of Pub. L. 101–649, set out as a note under section 1101 of this title. Pub. L. 101–649, title I, § 153(b)(2), Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 5006, provided that the amendment of subsec. (h) as added by section 153(b)(1) of Pub. L. 101–649 is effec- tive on the date that the amendments made by section 602 of Pub. L. 101–649 become effective. See section 602(d) of Pub. L. 101–649, set out below. Pub. L. 101–649, title V, § 505(b), Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 5050, provided that: ‘‘The amendments made by sub- section (a) [amending this section] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 29, 1990] and shall apply to convictions entered before, on, or after such date.’’ Pub. L. 101–649, title V, § 508(b), Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 5051, provided that: ‘‘The amendment made by sub- section (a) [amending this section] shall apply to con- victions occurring on or after the date of the enact- ment of this Act [Nov. 29, 1990].’’ Page 308 TITLE 8—ALIENS AND NATIONALITY § 1228 Pub. L. 101–649, title V, § 544(d), formerly § 544(c), Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 5061, as redesignated by Pub. L. 102–232, title III, § 306(c)(5)(B), Dec. 12, 1991, 105 Stat. 1752, provided that: ‘‘The amendments made by this section [enacting section 1324c of this title and amend- ing this section] shall apply to persons or entities that have committed violations on or after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 29, 1990].’’ Pub. L. 101–649, title VI, § 602(d), Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 5082, provided that: ‘‘The amendments made by this section, and by section 603(b) of this Act [amending this section, sections 1161, 1252, 1253, and 1254 of this title, and section 402 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare], shall not apply to deportation proceedings for which notice has been provided to the alien before March 1, 1991.’’ EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1988 AMENDMENTS Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, § 7344(b), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4471, provided that: ‘‘The amendments made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to any alien who has been convicted, on or after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 18, 1988], of an aggra- vated felony.’’ Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, § 7348(b), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4473, provided that: ‘‘The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to any alien convicted, on or after the date of the enact- ment of this Act [Nov. 18, 1988], of possessing any fire- arm or destructive device referred to in such sub- section.’’ Amendment by section 2(n)(2) of Pub. L. 100–525 effec- tive as if included in enactment of Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–603, see section 2(s) of Pub. L. 100–525, set out as a note under section 1101 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1986 AMENDMENTS Amendment by Pub. L. 99–653 applicable to visas issued, and admissions occurring, on or after Nov. 14, 1986, see section 23(a) of Pub. L. 99–653, set out as a note under section 1101 of this title. Amendment by Pub. L. 99–570 applicable to convic- tions occurring before, on, or after Oct. 27, 1986, see sec- tion 1751(c) of Pub. L. 99–570, set out as a note under section 1182 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1981 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 97–116 effective Dec. 29, 1981, see section 21(a) of Pub. L. 97–116, set out as a note under section 1101 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1976 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 94–571 effective on first day of first month which begins more than sixty days after Oct. 20, 1976, see section 10 of Pub. L. 94–571, set out as a note under section 1101 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1965 AMENDMENT For effective date of amendment by Pub. L. 89–236 see section 20 of Pub. L. 89–236, set out as a note under sec- tion 1151 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1956 AMENDMENT Amendment by act July 18, 1956, effective July 19, 1956, see section 401 of act July 18, 1956. SAVINGS PROVISION Pub. L. 101–649, title VI, § 602(c), Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 5081, provided that: ‘‘Notwithstanding the amend- ments made by this section [amending this section], any alien who was deportable because of a conviction (before the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 29, 1990]) of an offense referred to in paragraph (15), (16), (17), or (18) of section 241(a) [now 237] of the Immigra- tion and Nationality Act [8 U.S.C. 1227], as in effect be- fore the date of the enactment of this Act, shall be con- sidered to remain so deportable. Except as otherwise specifically provided in such section and subsection (d) [set out as a note above], the provisions of such section, as amended by this section, shall apply to all aliens de- scribed in subsection (a) thereof notwithstanding that (1) any such alien entered the United States before the date of the enactment of this Act, or (2) the facts, by reason of which an alien is described in such sub- section, occurred before the date of the enactment of this Act.’’ ABOLITION OF IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE AND TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For abolition of Immigration and Naturalization Service, transfer of functions, and treatment of related references, see note set out under section 1551 of this title. REPORT ON CRIMINAL ALIENS Pub. L. 101–649, title V, § 510, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 5051, as amended by Pub. L. 102–232, title III, § 306(a)(8), (9), Dec. 12, 1991, 105 Stat. 1751, provided that the Attor- ney General was to submit to appropriate Committees of Congress, by not later than Dec. 1, 1991, a report de- scribing efforts of Immigration and Naturalization Service to identify, apprehend, detain, and remove from the United States aliens who have been convicted of crimes in the United States and including a criminal alien census and removal plan. § 1228. Expedited removal of aliens convicted of committing aggravated felonies (a) Removal of criminal aliens (1) In general The Attorney General shall provide for the availability of special removal proceedings at certain Federal, State, and local correctional facilities for aliens convicted of any criminal offense covered in section 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii), (B), (C), or (D) of this title, or any offense covered by section 1227(a)(2)(A)(ii) of this title for which both predicate offenses are, without re- gard to the date of their commission, other- wise covered by section 1227(a)(2)(A)(i) of this title. Such proceedings shall be conducted in conformity with section 1229a of this title (ex- cept as otherwise provided in this section), and in a manner which eliminates the need for additional detention at any processing center of the Service and in a manner which assures expeditious removal following the end of the alien’s incarceration for the underlying sen- tence. Nothing in this section shall be con- strued to create any substantive or procedural right or benefit that is legally enforceable by any party against the United States or its agencies or officers or any other person. (2) Implementation With respect to an alien convicted of an ag- gravated felony who is taken into custody by the Attorney General pursuant to section 1226(c) of this title, the Attorney General shall, to the maximum extent practicable, de- tain any such felon at a facility at which other such aliens are detained. In the selection of such facility, the Attorney General shall make reasonable efforts to ensure that the alien’s access to counsel and right to counsel under section 1362 of this title are not impaired. (3) Expedited proceedings (A) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Attorney General shall provide for