22 U.S.C. § 2151 — Congressional findings and declaration of

Page 532 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151 Sec. 2394a. Extortion and illegal payments to offi- cials of foreign countries receiving international security assistance. 2394b. HELP Commission. 2394c. Information on covered United States foreign assistance programs. 2395. General authorities. 2395a. International agreements concerning debt relief; transmittal to congres- sional committees. 2396. Availability of funds. 2396a. Property Management Fund. 2396b. USAID Buying Power Maintenance Ac- count. 2397. Administrative expenses. 2398. Assistance to countries pursuant to other statutes. 2399 to 2399a. Repealed or Transferred. 2399b. False claims and ineligible commodities. 2399c. Coordination of policies and programs. 2399d. Shipping differential. PART III—MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS 2401. Effective date; identification of pro- grams. 2402. Saving provisions. 2403. Definitions. 2404. Unexpended balances. 2405. Separability. 2406. Development programs for dependable fuel supplies. 2407. Special authorization for use of foreign currencies. 2408. Repealed. 2409. Use of United States Armed Forces. 2410, 2410a. Repealed. 2411. Limitation upon exercise of special au- thorities. 2412. Limitation on foreign assistance appro- priations. 2413. Changes in allocation of foreign assist- ance. 2414. Presidential findings and determina- tions. 2414a. Annual report to Congress on voting practices at United Nations. 2415. Annual military assistance report. 2416. Annual foreign military training report. 2417 to 2419. Repealed. 2420. Police training prohibition. 2421. Trade and Development Agency. 2421a. Capital projects office within Agency for International Development. 2421b. Capital projects for poverty alleviation and environmental safety and sustain- ability. 2421c. Coordination. 2421d. Funding for capital projects. 2421e. Definitions. 2421f. Sustainability requirements for certain capital projects in connection with overseas contingency operations. 2422. Repealed. 2423. Exchanges of certain materials. 2424, 2425. Repealed. 2426. Discrimination against United States personnel. 2427. Operating expenses. 2428. Repealed. 2428a. Congressional declaration of policy to- ward Korea; transmittal of report to Speaker of the House and Congres- sional committees. 2428b. Special security assistance for mod- ernization of Armed Forces of Korea. 2429, 2429a. Repealed. 2429a–1. Annual report on nuclear transfer activi- ties. 2429a–2. Enforcement of nonproliferation trea- ties. Sec. 2429b. Transferred. SUBCHAPTER III–A—ENTERPRISE FOR THE AMERICAS INITIATIVE 2430. Purpose. 2430a. Definitions. 2430b. Eligibility for benefits. 2430c. Reduction of certain debt. 2430d. Repayment of principal. 2430e. Interest on new obligations. 2430f. Enterprise for the Americas Funds. 2430g. Americas Framework Agreements. 2430h. Enterprise for the Americas Board. 2430i. Annual reports to Congress. SUBCHAPTER IV—DEBT REDUCTION FOR DEVEL- OPING COUNTRIES WITH TROPICAL FORESTS 2431. Findings and purposes. 2431a. Definitions. 2431b. Establishment of Facility. 2431c. Eligibility for benefits. 2431d. Reduction of debt owed to United States as result of concessional loans under this chapter. 2431e. Reduction of debt owed to United States as result of credits extended under title I of Food for Peace Act. 2431f. Authority to engage in debt-for-nature swaps and debt buybacks. 2431g. Conservation Agreement. 2431h. Conservation Fund. 2431i. Board. 2431j. Consultations with Congress. 2431k. Annual reports to Congress. SUBCHAPTER V—MIDDLE EAST ASSISTANCE 2441 to 2443. Repealed. SUBCHAPTER I—INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PART I—DECLARATION OF POLICY; DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE AUTHORIZATIONS § 2151. Congressional findings and declaration of policy (a) United States development cooperation pol- icy The Congress finds that fundamental political, economic, and technological changes have re- sulted in the interdependence of nations. The Congress declares that the individual liberties, economic prosperity, and security of the people of the United States are best sustained and en- hanced in a community of nations which respect individual civil and economic rights and free- doms and which work together to use wisely the world’s limited resources in an open and equi- table international economic system. Further- more, the Congress reaffirms the traditional hu- manitarian ideals of the American people and renews its commitment to assist people in devel- oping countries to eliminate hunger, poverty, illness, and ignorance. Therefore, the Congress declares that a prin- cipal objective of the foreign policy of the United States is the encouragement and sus- tained support of the people of developing coun- tries in their efforts to acquire the knowledge and resources essential to development and to build the economic, political, and social institu- tions which will improve the quality of their lives. United States development cooperation policy should emphasize five principal goals: Page 533 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151 (1) the alleviation of the worst physical manifestations of poverty among the world’s poor majority; (2) the promotion of conditions enabling de- veloping countries to achieve self-sustaining economic growth with equitable distribution of benefits; (3) the encouragement of development proc- esses in which individual civil and economic rights are respected and enhanced; (4) the integration of the developing coun- tries into an open and equitable international economic system; and (5) the promotion of good governance through combating corruption and improving transparency and accountability. The Congress declares that pursuit of these goals requires that development concerns be fully reflected in United States foreign policy and that United States development resources be effectively and efficiently utilized. (b) Coordination of development-related activi- ties Under the policy guidance of the Secretary of State, the agency primarily responsible for ad- ministering subchapter I of this chapter should have the responsibility for coordinating all United States development-related activities. (Pub. L. 87–195, pt. I, § 101, formerly § 102, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 424; Pub. L. 87–565, pt. I, § 101, Aug. 1, 1962, 76 Stat. 255; Pub. L. 88–205, pt. I, § 101(c), Dec. 16, 1963, 77 Stat. 379; Pub. L. 89–171, pt. I, § 101, Sept. 6, 1965, 79 Stat. 653; Pub. L. 89–583, pt. I, § 101, Sept. 19, 1966, 80 Stat. 796; Pub. L. 90–137, pt. I, § 101, Nov. 14, 1967, 81 Stat. 445; Pub. L. 93–189, § 2(2), Dec. 17, 1973, 87 Stat. 714; Pub. L. 94–161, title III, § 301, Dec. 20, 1975, 89 Stat. 855; Pub. L. 95–88, title I, §§ 101, 113(b), Aug. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 533, 538; renumbered and amended Pub. L. 95–424, title I, § 101, Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 937; Pub. L. 106–309, title II, § 203(a), Oct. 17, 2000, 114 Stat. 1091.) Editorial Notes AMENDMENTS 2000—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 106–309 substituted ‘‘five principal goals’’ for ‘‘four principal goals’’ in introduc- tory provisions of third paragraph and added par. (5). 1978—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 95–424, in setting forth a new declaration of policy generally substituted four principal goals of development cooperation policy, they being (1) the alleviation of the worst manifestations of poverty, (2) self-sustained economic growth, (3) respect for civil and economic rights, and (4) the integration of the developing countries into an open and equitable economic system, for former seven pars. relating to: (1) primary responsibility for development being in the less developed countries themselves; (2) the active in- volvement of many countries; (3) the encouragement of regional cooperation; (5) assistance being of such na- ture as to help United States balance of payments; (6) furnishing of assistance in such manner as to promote efficiency, and (7) the furnishing of agricultural com- modities, etc., to complement assistance under this subchapter. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 95–424 substituted provisions re- lating to the responsibility of the agency primarily re- sponsible for administering the program for coordina- tion of all development related activities, for former seven criteria for restructuring relationships with less developed countries, those criteria being: (1) sharing of technical expertise; (2) focusing on critical problems af- fecting the majority of the people; (3) use of the private sector; (4) development goals as the responsibility of each sovereign nation; (5) priority to undertakings di- rectly improving the lives of the poorest people; (6) pri- vate investment in development programs; and (7) re- sponsibility for coordination of activities with the agency having primary responsibility for administering this part. Subsecs. (c) to (e). Pub. L. 95–424 struck out subsecs. (c) to (e). 1977—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 95–88, § 113(b)(1), inserted ‘‘environment and natural resources’’ to enumeration of fundamental needs of the people of less developed countries which development assistance must be used in meeting. Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 95–88, § 113(b)(2), inserted ‘‘envi- ronment and natural resources;’’ after ‘‘population planning and health;’’. Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 95–88, § 101(a), substituted provi- sions under which the President developed the criteria and factors to be used in assessing the commitment and progress of countries in meeting the objectives set forth in subsec. (c) and transmitted a report by Jan. 31, 1978, to the Speaker of the House and to the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate for provisions under which the President had established the criteria with- out Congressional involvement. Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 95–88, § 101(b), added subsec. (e). 1975—Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 94–161 added subsecs. (c) and (d). 1973—Pub. L. 93–189 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a) and added subsec. (b). 1967—Pub. L. 90–137, in providing a new statement of policy, reaffirming basic foreign assistance principles, and recognizing new problems and need for new prior- ities, substituted five pars. concerned with (1) freedom, security, prosperity, aggression, subversion, ignorance, want, despair, and national security; (2) economic co- operation and trade among countries, etc. (a reenact- ment of former sixth par. less provision for resort to international law procedures in adjudication of issues among friendly countries in support of such economic cooperation, etc.); (3) seven principles pertaining to: self-help efforts and responsibility of the country, mul- tilateral basis of involvement and cooperation, regional cooperation, food production and voluntary family planning, balance of payments, maximum dollar effec- tiveness, and coordination of overall assistance; (4) Permanent Peace in the Middle East; and (5) suspension of assistance after severance of diplomatic relations for former sixteen pars. relating to: (1) dignity and inter- dependence of man, and freedom; (2) resources develop- ment, living standards improvement, and aspirations for justice, education, etc., now covered in par. (1); (4) free economic institutions and flow of private invest- ment capital; (5) investment guaranties; (6) economic cooperation and trade among countries, etc., as de- scribed for par. (2); (7) long-range continuity and dis- posal of surplus property and agricultural crops; (8) world peace, national security, and dangers of inter- national communism; (9) countries sharing United States views on world crisis; (10) loan guarantees and related technical assistance and development program; (11) regional organizations for mutual assistance; (12) prohibition of assistance for short-term emergency pur- poses; (13) common undertaking of countries to meet goals; (14) discretionary assistance by the President to South Vietnam to gain victory in the war against com- munism and return to homeland of Americans from that struggle; (15) damage or destruction by mob action of United States property and termination of assist- ance, now covered in section 2370(j) of this title; and (16) use of United States Armed Forces, now covered in section 2409 of this title. 1966—Pub. L. 89–583 provided for termination of as- sistance to any foreign country which does not take ap- propriate measures to provide compensation for dam- age or destruction by mob action of United States prop- erty within such country and declared that furnishing Page 534 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151 assistance shall not be construed as creating a new commitment or as affecting any existing commitment to use armed forces of the United States for the defense of any foreign country. 1965—Pub. L. 89–171 added expressions of the sense of Congress that in furnishing assistance under this sub- chapter excess personal property shall be utilized wher- ever practicable in lieu of the procurement of new items for United States-assisted projects and programs and that assistance under this chapter and other stat- utes should be terminated to any country permitting damage to or destruction of U.S. property within such country by mob action or by failing to take adequate preventive measures. 1963—Pub. L. 88–205 declared that institution of full investment guaranty programs with all recipient coun- tries would be regarded as a significant measure of self- help by such countries improving investment climate, that assistance to maintain freedom from communism ‘‘shall’’ rather than ‘‘should’’ emphasize long-range de- velopment, that in the administration of programs of assistance, every precaution be taken to assure that as- sistance is not diverted to any short-term emergency purpose or any purpose not essential to long-range eco- nomic development, that other industrialized free- world countries increase their contributions and assist- ance to more equitably share the burden, and the Presi- dent should in his discretion, extend or withhold assist- ance from South Vietnam to further victory and the re- turn home of Americans involved in the struggle there. 1962—Pub. L. 87–565 declared distinctions made by for- eign nations between American citizens because of race, color, or religion, relating to rights available to such citizens, to be repugnant to our principals, re- quired in the administration of these funds, that con- sideration be given those countries sharing our world views and which do not divert their resources to mili- tary or propaganda efforts, supported by the Soviet Union or Communist China, against the United States or countries receiving aid under this chapter, that the highest emphasis be given to programs for loans or loan guarantees for use by organizations in making low-in- terest loans to individuals in friendly countries for the purchase of small farms, purchase of homes, aiding or establishing small businesses, purchase of tools and equipment for an occupation or trade, or to obtain practical education in vocational skills, and to pro- grams of technical assistance and development, each assisted country should be encouraged to recognize needs of the people in the preparation of national de- velopment programs, and declared that friendly na- tions are to be invited, where possible, to join in mis- sions to consult with countries receiving assistance on the possibilities of joint action to assure effective de- velopment of economic development plans and effective use of assistance provided them, and that the President may request international financial institutions to as- sist in establishing such missions. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries REFERENCES TO SUBCHAPTER I DEEMED TO INCLUDE CERTAIN PARTS OF SUBCHAPTER II References to subchapter I of this chapter are deemed to include parts IV (§ 2346 et seq.), VI (§ 2348 et seq.), and VIII (§ 2349aa et seq.) of subchapter II of this chapter, and references to subchapter II are deemed to exclude such parts. See section 202(b) of Pub. L. 92–226, set out as a note under section 2346 of this title, and sections 2348c and 2349aa–5 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1979 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 96–53, title V, § 512, Aug. 14, 1979, 93 Stat. 380, provided that: ‘‘(a) Except as provided in subsection (b) of this sec- tion and in section 503(b) [set out as an Effective Date of 1979 Amendment note under section 2385a of this title] this Act [see Short Title of 1979 Amendments note below] shall take effect on October 1, 1979. ‘‘(b) Sections 114(b) [not classified to the Code], 123 [amending a provision set out as a note below], 501 [not classified to the Code], and 509 [set out as a note below] of this Act shall take effect on the date of enactment of this Act [Aug. 14, 1979].’’ EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1978 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 95–424, title VI, § 605, Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 961, provided that: ‘‘The amendments made by this Act [see Short Title of 1978 Amendment note below] shall take effect on October 1, 1978.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 2022 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 117–263, div. E, title LV, § 5551, Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 3340, provided that: ‘‘This subtitle [subtitle C (§§ 5551–5558) of title LV of div. E of Pub. L. 117–263, en- acting sections 2291l to 2291n of this title, amending sections 2291 and 2291h of this title, and enacting provi- sions set out as notes under section 2291l of this title] may be cited as the ‘Fighting Emerging Narcotics Through Additional Nations to Yield Lasting Results Act’ or the ‘FENTANYL Results Act’.’’ Pub. L. 117–103, div. V, § 101, Mar. 15, 2022, 136 Stat. 834, provided that: ‘‘This division [enacting provisions set out as a note under this section and repealing provi- sions set out as a note under this section] may be cited as the ‘Haiti Development, Accountability, and Institu- tional Transparency Initiative Act’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 2021 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 117–81, div. F, title LXVI, § 6610(a), Dec. 27, 2021, 135 Stat. 2447, provided that: ‘‘This section [amending sections 2291, 2291h, and 2291j–1 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2291 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Blocking Deadly Fentanyl Imports Act’.’’ Pub. L. 116–283, div. A, title XII, § 1271, Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 3978, provided that: ‘‘This subtitle [subtitle H (§§ 1271–1280B) of title XII of div. A of Pub. L. 116–283, enacting section 8607 of this title, amending sections 2151d, 2321h, and 8606 of this title, and enacting provi- sions set out as notes under sections 2151, 2321h, and 8606 of this title] may be cited as the ‘United States- Israel Security Assistance Authorization Act of 2020’.’’ Pub. L. 116–283, div. A, title XII, § 1281, Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 3985, provided that: ‘‘This subtitle [subtitle I (§§ 1281–1285) of title XII of div. A of Pub. L. 116–283, en- acting section 2152k of this title, amending section 2152f of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2152f of this title] may be cited as the ‘Global Child Thrive Act of 2020’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 2020 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 116–260, div. FF, title III, § 351, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 3127, provided that: ‘‘This subtitle [subtitle F (§§ 351–353) of title III of div. FF of Pub. L. 116–260, en- acting sections 2277 and 2277a of this title] may be cited as the ‘The United States – Northern Triangle En- hanced Engagement Act’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 2019 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 115–442, § 1, Jan. 14, 2019, 132 Stat. 5590, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting section 2151c–1 of this title and provisions set out as notes under sections 2151c and 2151c–1 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Pro- tecting Girls’ Access to Education in Vulnerable Set- tings Act’.’’ Pub. L. 115–440, § 1(a), Jan. 14, 2019, 132 Stat. 5580, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 2431 to 2431h and 2431k of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and section 2431b of this title, and amending provisions set out as a note under this section] may be cited as the ‘Tropical Forest Conserva- tion Reauthorization Act of 2018’.’’ Pub. L. 115–428, § 1, Jan. 9, 2019, 132 Stat. 5509, provided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting section 2151–2 of this title, amending sections 2211 to 2214a of this title, and enact- ing provisions set out as a note under section 2151–2 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Women’s Entrepreneur- ship and Economic Empowerment Act of 2018’.’’ Page 535 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151 SHORT TITLE OF 2018 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 115–231, § 1, Aug. 8, 2018, 132 Stat. 1632, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [amending provisions set out as a note under this section] may be cited as the ‘Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Amend- ment Act of 2018’.’’ Pub. L. 115–141, div. S, title X, § 1001, Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1143, provided that: ‘‘This title [enacting section 2378c–1 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 2378c–1 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Taylor Force Act’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 2017 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 115–68, § 1, Oct. 6, 2017, 131 Stat. 1202, provided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting sections 2152j to 2152j–4 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Women, Peace, and Se- curity Act of 2017’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 2016 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 114–191, § 1, July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 666, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting section 2394c of this title and provisions set out as notes under section 2394c of this title] may be cited as the ‘Foreign Aid Trans- parency and Accountability Act of 2016’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 2014 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 113–289, § 1, Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3283, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [amending section 2152h of this title and provisions set out as a note under section 2152h of this title] may be cited as the ‘Senator Paul Simon Water for the World Act of 2014’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 2010 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 111–166, § 1, May 17, 2010, 124 Stat. 1186, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 2151n and 2304 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Daniel Pearl Freedom of the Press Act of 2009’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 2008 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 110–457, title IV, § 401, Dec. 23, 2008, 122 Stat. 5087, provided that: ‘‘This title [enacting sections 2370c to 2370c–2 of this title, amending section 4028 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2370c of this title] may be cited as the ‘Child Soldiers Prevention Act of 2008’.’’ Pub. L. 110–417, [div. A], title XVI, § 1601, Oct. 14, 2008, 122 Stat. 4652, provided that: ‘‘This title [enacting sec- tions 2368, 2734, and 2734a of this title and provisions set out as notes under sections 2368 and 2734a of this title] may be cited as the ‘Reconstruction and Stabilization Civilian Management Act of 2008’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 2007 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 110–53, title XX, § 2001, Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 508, provided that: ‘‘This title [enacting section 6216 of this title, amending section 2228 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sec- tions 2228, 2375, 2452c, 2656, 6204, 6216, and 7511 of this title and section 2000dd of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 2452 of this title] may be cited as the ‘9/ 11 Commission International Implementation Act of 2007’.’’ Pub. L. 109–472, § 1(a), Jan. 11, 2007, 120 Stat. 3554, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting sections 288l, 2349bb–5, and 2349bb–6 of this title and section 118 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, amending sections 214, 288f–2, 2321h, 2349bb–2, and 4856 of this title, section 5924 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, and section 1356 of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality, en- acting provisions set out as notes under section 2751 of this title and section 1714 of Title 8, and amending pro- visions set out as a note under section 6206 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Department of State Authorities Act of 2006’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 2006 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 109–165, § 1, Jan. 10, 2006, 119 Stat. 3574, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting and amending provi- sions set out as notes under section 2152 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Torture Victims Relief Reauthor- ization Act of 2005’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 2005 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 109–95, § 1, Nov. 8, 2005, 119 Stat. 2111, provided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting sections 2152f and 2152g of this title and provisions set out as notes under sections 2152f and 2152g of this title] may be cited as the ‘Assist- ance for Orphans and Other Vulnerable Children in De- veloping Countries Act of 2005’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 2004 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 108–484, § 1, Dec. 23, 2004, 118 Stat. 3922, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting sections 2211 to 2211d, 2214, and 2214a of this title, amending sections 2212 and 2213 of this title, transferring sections 2151f and 2152b of this title to sections 2212 and 2213, respectively, of this title, repealing section 2152a of this title, enacting pro- visions set out as notes under section 2211 of this title, and amending provisions set out as a note under sec- tion 2212 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Microenter- prise Results and Accountability Act of 2004’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 2003 AMENDMENTS Pub. L. 108–179, § 1, Dec. 15, 2003, 117 Stat. 2643, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting and amending provi- sions set out as notes under section 2152 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Torture Victims Relief Reauthor- ization Act of 2003’.’’ Pub. L. 108–158, § 1, Dec. 3, 2003, 117 Stat. 1949, provided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 2193, 2194, 2195, 2198, and 2200 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Overseas Pri- vate Investment Corporation Amendments Act of 2003’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 2002 AMENDMENTS Pub. L. 107–246, § 1, Oct. 23, 2002, 116 Stat. 1511, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 2295 and 2295b of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 2295 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Russian Democracy Act of 2002’.’’ Pub. L. 107–228, div. A, title VI, § 661, Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1405, provided that: ‘‘This subtitle [subtitle E (§§ 661–665) of title VI of div. A of Pub. L. 107–228, enact- ing section 2151n–2 of this title, amending sections 2151n and 2304 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 2151n and 2151n–2 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Freedom Investment Act of 2002’.’’ Pub. L. 107–228, div. B, title X, § 1001, Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1425, provided that: ‘‘This division [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Security Assistance Act of 2002’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 2000 AMENDMENTS Pub. L. 106–570, § 1, Dec. 27, 2000, 114 Stat. 3038, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting section 2151b–1 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 2151b–1, 2517, 2656, and 6901 of this title, section 1701 of Title 50, War and National De- fense, and preceding section 28101 of Title 49, Transpor- tation] may be cited as the ‘Assistance for Inter- national Malaria Control Act’.’’ Pub. L. 106–570, title I, § 101, Dec. 27, 2000, 114 Stat. 3039, provided that: ‘‘This title [enacting section 2151b–1 of this title and provisions set out as a note under sec- tion 2151b–1 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Inter- national Malaria Control Act of 2000’.’’ Pub. L. 106–373, § 1, Oct. 27, 2000, 114 Stat. 1427, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 2220a to 2220c and 2220e of this title] may be cited as the ‘Famine Pre- vention and Freedom From Hunger Improvement Act of 2000’.’’ Pub. L. 106–309, § 1, Oct. 17, 2000, 114 Stat. 1078, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting sections 2152a to 2152c and 2462 of this title, amending this section and sec- tions 287e–1, 2151–1, 2151f, 2151i, 2151aa, and 2395 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under Page 536 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151 this section and sections 2151f, 2151i, 2152b, 2152c, 2462, and 2517 of this title and section 402 of Title 10, Armed Forces] may be cited as the ‘Microenterprise for Self- Reliance and International Anti-Corruption Act of 2000’.’’ Pub. L. 106–309, title I, § 101, Oct. 17, 2000, 114 Stat. 1079, provided that: ‘‘This title [enacting sections 2152a and 2152b of this title, amending section 2151f of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 2151f and 2152b of this title] may be cited as the ‘Microenterprise for Self-Reliance Act of 2000’.’’ Pub. L. 106–309, title II, § 201, Oct. 17, 2000, 114 Stat. 1090, provided that: ‘‘This title [enacting section 2152c of this title, amending this section and sections 2151–1 and 2151aa of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 2152c of this title] may be cited as the ‘International Anti-Corruption and Good Gov- ernance Act of 2000’.’’ Pub. L. 106–309, title IV, § 401(a), Oct. 17, 2000, 114 Stat. 1096, provided that: ‘‘This section [amending section 2151i of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 2151i of this title] may be cited as the ‘Support for Overseas Cooperative Development Act’.’’ Pub. L. 106–280, § 1(a), Oct. 6, 2000, 114 Stat. 845, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting part IX (§ 2349bb et seq.) of subchapter II of this chapter and sections 2305, 2347f, and 2347g of this title, amending sections 2302, 2318, 2321h, 2321j, 2349aa–4, 2415, 2776, 2778, 2797, and 6723 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 2305, 2797, and 2797b of this title] may be cited as the ‘Security Assistance Act of 2000’.’’ Pub. L. 106–264, title II, § 201, Aug. 19, 2000, 114 Stat. 758, provided that: ‘‘This title [amending section 2151b of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2151b of this title] may be cited as the ‘International Tuberculosis Control Act of 2000’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1999 AMENDMENTS Pub. L. 106–158, § 1, Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1745, provided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting section 4727a of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, amending sections 2191a, 2193, 2195, and 2421 of this title and section 4727 of Title 15, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2191a of this title] may be cited as the ‘Export Enhance- ment Act of 1999’.’’ Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, § 1000(a)(2) [title V, § 596(a)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1535, 1501A–123, provided that: ‘‘This section [enacting part XII of subchapter I of this chapter and amending sections 5812 and 5814 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Silk Road Strategy Act of 1999’.’’ Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, § 1000(a)(7) [div. B, title XII, § 1201], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A–497, provided that: ‘‘This title [amending sections 2321h, 2321j, 2367, 2753, 2761, 2762, 2776, and 2779a of this title and section 301 of Title 13, Census, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 2551 of this title, sections 1 and 301 of Title 13, and former section 2099 of the former Ap- pendix to Title 50, War and National Defense] may be cited as the ‘Security Assistance Act of 1999’.’’ Pub. L. 106–87, § 1, Nov. 3, 1999, 113 Stat. 1301, provided that: ‘‘This Act [amending section 2152 of this title and provisions set out as a note under section 2152 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Torture Victims Relief Reau- thorization Act of 1999’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1996 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 104–319, § 1, Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3864, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 277b, 2151n, and 2304 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and section 2452 of this title, and amending provisions set out as notes under sec- tions 1157 and 1255 of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality] may be cited as the ‘Human Rights, Refugee, and Other Foreign Relations Provisions Act of 1996’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1994 AMENDMENTS Pub. L. 103–447, § 1, Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4691, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 2291, 2291a, 2291e, 2291f, 2291h to 2291k of this title, section 635 of Title 12, Banks and Banking, section 981 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, section 1616a of Title 19, Customs Duties, and section 881 of Title 21, Food and Drugs, repealing section 2291–2 of this title, enact- ing provisions set out as notes under this section, sec- tions 1928 and 2420 of this title, and section 1182 of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality, amending provisions set out as a note under section 5311 of Title 31, Money and Fi- nance, and repealing provisions set out as notes under this section, sections 2291, 2291h, and 2420 of this title, section 701 of Title 41, Public Contracts, and section 1902 of Title 46, Appendix, Shipping] may be cited as the ‘International Narcotics Control Corrections Act of 1994’.’’ Pub. L. 103–392, § 1, Oct. 22, 1994, 108 Stat. 4098, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting section 2151t–1 of this title, amending sections 2191, 2195, and 2421 of this title and sections 4052 and 4728 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 4701 of Title 15] may be cited as the ‘Jobs Through Trade Expansion Act of 1994’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1992 AMENDMENTS Pub. L. 102–583, § 1, Nov. 2, 1992, 106 Stat. 4914, pro- vided that Pub. L. 102–583 could be cited as the ‘‘Inter- national Narcotics Control Act of 1992’’, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 103–447, title I, § 103(a), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4693. Pub. L. 102–549, § 1, Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 3651, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting sections 2077, 2200b, 2421a to 2421e, and 2430 to 2430i of this title and section 4723a of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, amending sec- tions 2191, 2191a, 2194, 2195, 2197 to 2199, 2200a, 2421, and 5401 of this title, section 5314 of Title 5, Government Or- ganization and Employees, section 1738i of Title 7, Agri- culture, and sections 635q to 635s of Title 12, Banks and Banking, repealing section 2296 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sec- tions 262s–2, 2296, 2421, and 2421a of this title, and amending provisions set out as a note under this sec- tion] may be cited as the ‘Jobs Through Exports Act of 1992’.’’ Pub. L. 102–549, title VI, § 601, Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 3664, provided that: ‘‘This title [enacting sections 2077 and 2430 to 2430i of this title, amending section 1738i of Title 7, Agriculture, repealing section 2296 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2296 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Enterprise for the Americas Act of 1992’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1990 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 101–623, § 1(a), Nov. 21, 1990, 104 Stat. 3350, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting section 2151x–1 of this title and section 3196 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, amending sections 2291c, 2321k, 2346c, and 2360 of this title and section 635 of Title 12, Banks and Banking, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 2291, 2291h, and 2360 of this title] may be cited as the ‘International Narcotics Control Act of 1990’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1989 AMENDMENTS Pub. L. 101–240, § 1(a), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2492, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting sections 262m–7, 262p–4g to 262p–4k, 262r to 262r–2, 262s–1, 262t, 283z–5 to 283z–8, 286e–12, 286kk, 2281 to 2286, and 7901 to 7908 of this title and section 3904a of Title 12, Banks and Banking, amending sections 262d, 262m–7, 262p–1, 262p–5, 262s–2, 282b, 283b, 283cc, 284b, 285b, 286b, 286e–9, 286k–1, 286s, 290g–2, 290i–3, and 290k–5 of this title and sections 635 and 635i–3 of Title 12, transferring former section 262q of this title to section 262s of this title, and former sec- tion 4722 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, to section 262s–2 of this title, repealing sections 262i, 262m–6, 276c–3, 283i, 286b–1, and 286b–2 of this title, enacting pro- visions set out as notes under this section, sections 262d, 283z–6, 2291, and 7901 of this title, and sections 635, 3901, and 3904a of Title 12, amending provisions set out Page 537 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151 as a note under section 262l of this title, and repealing provisions set out as notes under sections 262g–2 and 283 of this title] may be cited as the ‘International Devel- opment and Finance Act of 1989’.’’ Pub. L. 101–240, title VII, § 701, Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2521, provided that: ‘‘This title [enacting sections 2281 to 2286 and 7901 to 7908 of this title and provisions set out as a note under section 7901 of this title of this title] may be cited as the ‘Global Environmental Pro- tection Assistance Act of 1989’.’’ Pub. L. 101–231, § 1(a), Dec. 13, 1989, 103 Stat. 1954, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting section 2321k of this title, amending sections 2291, 2291a, 2708, and 2795 of this title and sections 2492 and 2495 of Title 19, Customs Duties, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 2291 and 2708 of this title] may be cited as the ‘International Narcotics Control Act of 1989’.’’ Pub. L. 101–222, § 1(a), Dec. 12, 1989, 103 Stat. 1892, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 1732, 2364, 2371, 2753, 2776, 2778, and 2780 of this title and section 4605 of Title 50, War and National Defense, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2371 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Anti-Terrorism and Arms Export Amendments Act of 1989’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1988 AMENDMENTS Pub. L. 100–690, title IV, § 4001, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4261, provided that title IV of Pub. L. 100–690 could be cited as the ‘‘International Narcotics Control Act of 1988’’, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 103–447, title I, § 103(b), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4693. Pub. L. 100–461, title V, § 555 [H.R. 5263, title I, § 101, and S. 2757, title I, § 101], Oct. 1, 1988, 102 Stat. 2268–36, provided that: ‘‘This title [amending sections 2191, 2194, 2194b, 2195, 2197, 2199, and 2200a of this title] may be cited as the ‘Overseas Private Investment Corporation Amendments Act of 1988’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1986 AMENDMENTS Pub. L. 99–570, title II, § 2001, Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3207–60, provided that title II of Pub. L. 99–570 could be cited as the ‘‘International Narcotics Control Act of 1986’’, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 103–447, title I, § 103(c), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4694. Pub. L. 99–529, § 1, Oct. 24, 1986, 100 Stat. 3010, provided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting section 2151p–1 of this title, amending sections 290f, 2151b, 2151p, 2151q, 2222, 2291a, 2427, and 3929 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 290f of this title] may be cited as the ‘Special Foreign Assistance Act of 1986’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1985 AMENDMENTS Pub. L. 99–204, § 1, Dec. 23, 1985, 99 Stat. 1669, provided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting sections 2191a and 2194b of this title, amending sections 2191, 2194, 2195, and 2197 to 2200a of this title and section 709 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, repealing section 2200b of this title, enacting provisions set out as a note under sec- tion 2191a of this title, and repealing provisions set out as a note under section 2200a of this title] may be cited as the ‘Overseas Private Investment Corporation Amendments Act of 1985’.’’ Pub. L. 99–83, § 1(a), Aug. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 190, provided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting sections 2227, 2271 to 2276, 2291b, 2346 to 2346c, 2347c, 2347d, 2349aa–7 to 2349aa–9, 2511, 2521a, and 2770a of this title, section 469j of Title 16, Conservation, and sections 1356b and 1515a of former Title 49, Transportation, amending sections 290f, 290h–8, 290h–9, 2151–1, 2151a to 2151d, 2151f, 2151h, 2151s, 2151u, 2151x, 2151z, 2174, 2182, 2182a, 2184, 2201, 2222, 2291, 2291a, 2292a, 2304, 2311, 2312, 2314, 2321h, 2321i, 2346b, 2347a, 2348a, 2349aa–2, 2349aa–4, 2354, 2361, 2364, 2370, 2371, 2375, 2394, 2394–1, 2396, 2411, 2413, 2420, 2421, 2427, 2429a, 2501, 2502, 2504, 2506, 2510, 2522, 2523, 2752, 2753, 2761, 2763 to 2767, 2771, 2776, 2778, 2791, 2792, 2794, and 2795 of this title, sections 1431, 1721, 1722, 1727a, and 1736b of Title 7, Agriculture, section 7307 of Title 10, Armed Forces, and sections 1356, 1471, and 1515 of former Title 49, repealing sections 2293, 2294, 2346 to 2346c, 2346e to 2346i, and 2349aa–6 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 2151–1, 2151b, 2151u, 2291, 2346, 2374, 2429a, 2506, 2511, 2751, and 2778 of this title, section 4011 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, and section 1515 of former Title 49, amending provisions set out as notes under sections 2370 and 2501 of this title, and repealing provisions set out as a note under section 2293 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Inter- national Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1985’.’’ Pub. L. 99–83, title VI, § 601, Aug. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 228, provided that: ‘‘This title [enacting section 2291b of this title, amending sections 2151x, 2291, and 2291a of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2291 of this title] may be cited as the ‘International Narcotics Control Act of 1985’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1983 AMENDMENTS Pub. L. 98–164, title VII, § 701, Nov. 22, 1983, 97 Stat. 1045, provided that: ‘‘This title [enacting section 2151q of this title and amending section 2452 of this title] may be cited as the ‘International Environment Pro- tection Act of 1983’.’’ Pub. L. 98–151, § 101(b)(2), Nov. 14, 1983, 97 Stat. 968, provided in part that: ‘‘Section 101(b)(2) of this joint resolution [enacting sections 2151f, and 2349aa to 2349aa–6 of this title, amending sections 2304, 2346a, 2403, and 2771 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2349aa of this title] may be cited as the ‘International Security and Development Assistance Authorizations Act of 1983’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1981 AMENDMENTS Pub. L. 97–113, § 1, Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1519, provided that: ‘‘This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1981’.’’ Pub. L. 97–65, § 1, Oct. 16, 1981, 95 Stat. 1021, provided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting sections 2194a and 2200b of this title, amending sections 2191, 2193, 2194, 2195, 2197, 2198, 2199, and 2200a of this title, and enacting provi- sions set out as notes under sections 2193 and 2200a of this title] may be cited as the ‘Overseas Private Invest- ment Corporation Amendments Act of 1981’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1980 AMENDMENTS Pub. L. 96–533, § 1, Dec. 16, 1980, 94 Stat. 3131, provided: ‘‘This Act [enacting sections 290h to 290h–9, 2226, 2346a, 2346b, 2769, and 2778a of this title, amending sections 2151a to 2151d, 2151n, 2151s, 2151u, 2151v, 2174, 2221, 2222, 2291a, 2292, 2292a, 2292l, 2304, 2311, 2312, 2318, 2321h to 2321j, 2346, 2347a, 2348a, 2354, 2364, 2367, 2370, 2384, 2394, 2399d, 2403, 2411, 2421, 2427, 2502, 2514, 2753, 2761 to 2765, 2771, 2776 to 2779, 2791, 2794, and 3510 of this title, sec- tions 1712 and 1733 of Title 7, Agriculture, sections 5041 and 5045 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and section 4605 of Title 50, War and National Defense, re- pealing sections 2151q, 2346c to 2346e, and 2348b of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 290h, 2151a, 2291a, 2293, 2370, and 3401 of this title, section 1522 of Title 8, Aliens and Na- tionality, and section 2667 of Title 10, Armed Forces, and repealing a provision set out as a note under sec- tion 2293 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Inter- national Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1980’.’’ Pub. L. 96–257, § 1, May 31, 1980, 94 Stat. 422, provided: ‘‘That this Act [enacting section 2346e of this title] may be cited as the ‘Special Central American Assist- ance Act of 1979’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1979 AMENDMENTS Pub. L. 96–92, § 1, Oct. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 701, provided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting sections 2346d, 2767, and 2768 of this title, amending sections 2261, 2291, 2291a, 2304, 2312, 2318, 2321h to 2321j, 2346 to 2346c, 2347a, 2348, 2348a, 2403, 2753, 2761, 2765, 2771, 2773, 2776, 2778, 2792, and 2794 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 2321h, 2346c, 2771, 2776, Page 538 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151 and 3302 of this title] may be cited as the ‘International Security Assistance Act of 1979’.’’ Pub. L. 96–53, § 1, Aug. 14, 1979, 93 Stat. 359, provided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting sections 2151x, 2151y, 2374, and 3501 to 3513 of this title, and sections 1736g of Title 7, Agriculture, amending sections 2151–1, 2151a to 2151d, 2151i, 2151k, 2151n, 2151p, 2151q, 2151s, 2151u, 2151v, 2174, 2182, 2182a, 2183, 2220b, 2222, 2292a, 2292l, 2304, 2357, 2361, 2385a, 2395, 2399c, 2421, 2427, 2502, and 2506 of this title, sections 5314 to 5316 and 5924 of Title 5, Government Or- ganization and Employees, and sections 1703, 1704, 1722, 1726, 1727, 1727a, 1727b, 1727d to 1727f, 1731, and 1734 of Title 7, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 2151n, 2151y, 2312, 2385a, and 3201 of this title] may be cited as the ‘International De- velopment Cooperation Act of 1979’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1978 AMENDMENTS Pub. L. 95–424, § 1, Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 937, provided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting sections 2151–1, 2151t, 2151u, 2151v, 2151w, 2201, 2292l, 2335a, 2393a, 2394–1, 2394–1a and 2395a of this title, amending this section and sections 2151a, 2151a–1, 2151b, 2151c, 2151d, 2151e, 2151g, 2151h, 2151k, 2151n, 2151p, 2151q, 2151r, 2174, 2181, 2182, 2182a, 2183, 2213, 2220a, 2220d, 2221, 2222, 2292, 2292a, 2292i, 2292k, 2351, 2357, 2358, 2361, 2370, 2381a, 2384, 2394, 2395, 2396, 2397, 2399c, 2403, 2421, and 2427 of this title and sections 1703, 1706, 1727c, and 1727d of Title 7, Agriculture, repealing sections 2151f, 2151l, 2151m, 2151o, 2161, 2162, 2164, 2167, 2168, 2171, 2172, 2175, 2176, 2177, 2178, 2180, 2180a, 2211, 2212, 2213, 2216, 2217, 2217a, 2219, 2219a, 2220, 2224, 2271, 2281, 2292d, 2292g, 2368, 2369, 2408, 2410, 2415, 2416, 2417, 2418, and 2425 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 2151v, 2151u, 2222, 2292d, and 2395 of this title and section 1711 of Title 7] may be cited as the ‘International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1978’.’’ Pub. L. 95–384, § 1, Sept. 26, 1978, 92 Stat. 730, provided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting sections 2348 to 2348c, 2373, 2417, 2428b, and 2766 of this title, amending sections 1754, 2261, 2291, 2291a, 2304, 2312, 2321b, 2321h to 2321j, 2346 to 2346c, 2347a, 2347b, 2360, 2372, 2413, 2429, 2429a, 2751, 2761, 2762, 2765, 2771, and 2776 of this title and section 4603 of Title 50, War and National Defense, repealing sections 2441 to 2443 of this title, and enacting provi- sions set out as notes under this section and sections 287c, 1754, 2291, 2311, 2346, 2346a, 2370, and 2751 of this title] may be cited as the ‘International Security As- sistance Act of 1978’.’’ Pub. L. 95–268, § 1, Apr. 24, 1978, 92 Stat. 213, provided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting section 2200 of this title and amending sections 2191, 2194, 2195, 2197, 2199, and 2200a of this title] may be cited as the ‘Overseas Private In- vestment Corporation Amendments Act of 1978’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1977 AMENDMENTS Pub. L. 95–92, § 1, Aug. 4, 1977, 91 Stat. 614, provided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting sections 2294, 2346b, 2372, and 2429a of this title, amending sections 2261, 2291a, 2312, 2321h to 2321j, 2346, 2346a, 2347a, 2370, 2391, 2429, 2443, 2753, 2771, 2778, and 2792 of this title, and enacting provi- sions set out as notes under this section and sections 2346, 2370, 2406, 2431, and 2751 of this title] may be cited as the ‘International Security Assistance Act of 1977’.’’ Pub. L. 95–88, § 1, Aug. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 533, provided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting sections 2151o to 2151s, 2292k, and 2429b of this title and sections 1712, 1713, 1714, and 1727 to 1727f of Title 7, Agriculture, amending this sec- tion and sections 2151a, 2151b, 2151c, 2151d, 2151g, 2151h, 2151i, 2151k, 2151l, 2151m, 2151n, 2174, 2181, 2182, 2182a, 2183, 2222, 2225, 2292a, 2292h, 2357, 2370, 2384, 2385, 2386, 2399c, 2421, and 2427 of this title, section 5315 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, and sections 1427, 1431, 1692, 1702, 1703, 1706, 1711, 1721, 1722, 1723, 1726, 1731, and 1736b of Title 7, repealing section 2424 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 2151b, 2151i, 2174, 2357, and 2384 of this title and sections 1702, 1708, and 1722 of Title 7] may be cited as the ‘International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1977’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1976 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 94–329, § 1, June 30, 1976, 90 Stat. 729, provided: ‘‘That this Act [enacting sections 2292h, 2292i, 2321j, 2347, 2347a, 2347b, 2371, 2394a, 2428, 2429, 2755, 2765, 2778, and 2779 of this title, amending sections 2183, 2222, 2261, 2291, 2291a, 2292f, 2304, 2312, 2314, 2318, 2321b, 2321h, 2321i, 2346a, 2370, 2382, 2383, 2384, 2386, 2392, 2394, 2396, 2403, 2415, 2416, 2417, 2441, 2443, 2751, 2751 note, 2752, 2753, 2761, 2762, 2763, 2771, 2776, 2791, 2792, and 2794 of this title, repealing sections 2321a, 2415 note, 2431, 2431 notes, 2432, 2432 note, 2433, 2433 note, 2434, and 2435, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 2291, 2292, 2314, 2321a, 2321b, 2347, 2352, 2370, 2428, 2431, 2441, 2751, 2753, 2763, 2776, and 2778 of this title] may be cited as the ‘International Security Assistance and Arms Ex- port Control Act of 1976’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1975 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 94–161, § 1, Dec. 20, 1975, 89 Stat. 849, provided: ‘‘That this Act [redesignating as sections 2292c to 2292e former sections 2262, 2399–1a, and 2399–1b of this title, enacting sections 2151a–1, 2151d, 2151e, 2151n, 2220a to 2220e, 2292 to 2292b, 2292f, and 2425 to 2427 of this title and sections 1691a, 1711, 1726, and 1736f of Title 7, Agri- culture, amending this section and sections 2151a, 2151b, 2151c, 2151h, 2151i, 2151k, 2169, 2174, 2181 to 2183, 2221, 2222, 2225, 2293, 2357 and 2421 of this title and sec- tions 1691, 1703, 1706, 1709, 1721, 1736, 1736a, and 1736b of Title 7, repealing sections 2151d, 2151e, 2201, 2292, and 2399 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2220a of this title and as a note under section 1691a of Title 7] may be cited as the ‘International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1975’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1974 AMENDMENTS Pub. L. 93–559, § 1, Dec. 30, 1974, 88 Stat. 1795, provided: ‘‘That this Act [enacting sections 2151m, 2175a, 2182a, 2225, 2293, 2304, 2321h, 2321i, 2419 to 2424, 2435, and 2441 to 2443 of this title, amending sections 278, 2151a to 2151c, 2163, 2181, 2183, 2219a, 2222, 2261, 2312, 2318, 2321b, 2321f, 2346a, 2360, 2364, 2370, 2394, 2399, 2413, 2415, 2416, 2753, 2763, 2764, 2771, 2773, 2775, and 2776 of this title, repealing sec- tions 2151j and 2200 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 2166, 2175, 2311, 2370, 2399, 2406, 2415, 2431 to 2433, 2551, and 2764 of this title, and re- pealing provisions set out as a note under this section] may be cited as the ‘Foreign Assistance Act of 1974’.’’ Pub. L. 93–390, § 1, Aug. 27, 1974, 88 Stat. 763, provided: ‘‘That this Act [amending sections 2191, 2194, 2195, 2197, 2199, 2200 and 2200a of this title] may be cited as the ‘Overseas Private Investment Corporation Amend- ments Act of 1974’.’’ Pub. L. 93–333, § 1, July 8, 1974, 88 Stat. 290, provided: ‘‘That this Act [enacting section 2292c of this title, amending section 2292d of this title, and enacting provi- sions set out as notes under this section and section 2395 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Foreign Disaster Assistance Act of 1974’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1973 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 93–189, § 1, Dec. 17, 1973, 87 Stat. 714, provided: ‘‘That this Act [enacting sections 2151a to 2151l, 2303, 2399–1a, 2399–1b, 2399c, 2399d, 2431 to 2434 and 2794 of this title, amending this section and sections 285n, 1934, 2163, 2171, 2174, 2181, 2183, 2195, 2199, 2200, 2212, 2219a, 2221, 2222, 2261, 2291, 2291a, 2311, 2312, 2314, 2318, 2321b, 2321f, 2346a, 2367, 2370, 2385, 2394, and section 2397 of this title, repealing sections 2314a, 2319 to 2321, 2321e, 2321g, and 2346a, of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 1942, 2163, 2220, 2415, and 2431 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Foreign Assistance Act of 1973’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1972 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 92–226, § 1, Feb. 7, 1972, 86 Stat. 20, provided: ‘‘That this Act [enacting sections 2180a, 2291, 2292, 2321d to 2321g, 2346 to 2346b, and 2413 to 2418 of this title, Page 539 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151 amending sections 276, 290f, 1476, 1928b, 2162, 2163, 2169, 2172, 2174, 2181, 2183, 2198, 2199, 2200, 2212, 2219a, 2222, 2261, 2312, 2314, 2318, 2319, 2321b, 2370, 2384, 2394, 2397, 2403, 2411, 2684, 2771, 2773, and 2791 of this title and section 5314 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, re- pealing sections 2165 and 2241 to 2243 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 287e, 2411, 2417, and 2680 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Foreign Assistance Act of 1971’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1971 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 91–652, § 1, Jan. 5, 1971, 84 Stat. 1942, provided: ‘‘That this Act [enacting section 2411 of this title, amending sections 2261 and 2242 of this title, and enact- ing provisions set out as notes under sections 2261, 2302, and 2411 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Special For- eign Assistance Act of 1971’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1969 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 91–175, § 1, Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 805, provided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting sections 290f, 2179, 2180, 2194 to 2200a and 2321a of this title, amending sections 2162, 2163, 2172, 2174, 2181 to 2183, 2191 to 2193, 2212, 2219a, 2221, 2222, 2242, 2261, 2312, 2318, 2360, 2362, 2370, 2384, 2394, 2396, 2397 and 2402 of this title, section 846 of former Title 31, Money and Finance, and sections 3343, 3581, 3582 and 5314 to 5316 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, and enacting provision set out as a note under this section], may be cited as the ‘Foreign As- sistance Act of 1969’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1968 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 90–554, § 1, Oct. 8, 1968, 82 Stat. 960, provided: ‘‘That this Act [enacting sections 2381a, 2399b, and 2410 of this title and section 617 of Title 16, Conservation, amending sections 2161, 2162, 2171, 2172, 2174, 2181, 2184, 2212, 2218, 2219a, 2222, 2242, 2261, 2312, 2318–2320, 2354, 2357, 2370, 2381, 2385, 2396, and 2397 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under this section] may be cited as the ‘Foreign Assistance Act of 1968’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1967 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 90–137, § 1, Nov. 14, 1967, 81 Stat. 445, provided: ‘‘That this Act [enacting sections 2167 to 2169, 2178, 2219, 2219a, 2220, 2224, 2243, 2302, 2341 to 2345, and 2409 of this title, amending this section and sections 276, 276c–1, 1928b to 1928d, 1934, 2161, 2162, 2165, 2171, 2172, 2174, 2181 to 2184, 2192, 2211, 2212, 2218, 2221, 2222, 2241, 2242, 2261, 2271, 2301, 2302, 2311, 2312, 2314, 2318 to 2321, 2341 to 2345, 2351, 2358, 2360, 2361, 2364, 2384 to 2386, 2389, 2392, 2394 to 2397, 2399a, and 2403 of this title, repealing sections 2217b and 2317(a) of this title, and enacting provision set out as a note under section 2395 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Foreign Assistance Act of 1967’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1966 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 89–583, § 1, Sept. 19, 1966, 80 Stat. 795, provided: ‘‘That this Act [enacting sections 2217 to 2217b, 2218, 2281, and 2322 of this title and amending this section and sections 2161, 2162, 2165, 2171, 2172, 2174, 2181, 2182, 2184, 2211, 2212, 2221, 2222, 2241, 2242, 2261, 2312, 2314, 2316, 2318, 2320, 2351, 2354, 2358, 2360, 2362, 2364, 2370, 2382, 2384, 2394, 2395, and 2397 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Foreign Assistance Act of 1966’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1965 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 89–171, § 1, Sept. 6, 1965, 79 Stat. 653, provided: ‘‘That this Act [enacting sections 2166, 2399, 2399a and 2408 of this title, and amending this section and sec- tions 2165, 2172, 2174, 2181 to 2184, 2212, 2221, 2222, 2242, 2261, 2311 to 2313, 2315 to 2320, 2355, 2362, 2363, 2370, 2382, 2384 to 2386, 2390, 2391, 2395 to 2398, 2403, and 2404 of this title, section 1707 of Title 7, Agriculture, and provisions set out as a note under this section] may be cited as the ‘Foreign Assistance Act of 1965’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1964 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 88–633, § 1, Oct. 7, 1964, 78 Stat. 1009, provided: ‘‘That this Act [enacting sections 2177, 2321, and 2407 of this title, amending sections 276, 1754, 2161, 2172, 2174, 2176, 2181, 2184, 2192, 2212, 2222, 2242, 2261, 2311, 2312, 2315, 2317, 2318, 2320, 2351, 2362, 2370, 2385, 2386, and 2397 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under this section] may be cited as the ‘Foreign Assistance Act of 1964’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1963 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 88–205, § 1, Dec. 16, 1963, 77 Stat. 379, provided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting sections 816, 1138a, 2216, 2320, 2398, and 2684 of this title, amending sections 961, 1136, 1139, 1251, 1928a, 1943, 2161, 2162, 2172, 2174, 2181, 2182, 2184, 2201, 2211 to 2213, 2222, 2242, 2261, 2312, 2313, 2318, 2319, 2351, 2361, 2362, 2370, 2381, 2384, 2386, 2391, 2395 to 2397, 2403, and 2404 of this title, sections 1701, 1705, 1706, and 1722 of Title 7, Agriculture, and section 1861 of Title 19, Customs Duties, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and section 1942 of this title, and sec- tion 1706 of Title 7, and repealing provisions set out as notes under this section and section 2301 of this title], may be cited as the ‘Foreign Assistance Act of 1963’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1962 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 87–565, § 1, Aug. 1, 1962, 76 Stat. 255, provided: ‘‘That this Act [enacting sections 2211 to 2213 of this title, amending this section and sections 276, 2161, 2171, 2172, 2181, 2182, 2184, 2192, 2222, 2242, 2261, 2271, 2314, 2315, 2318, 2360, 2361, 2368, 2370, 2381, 2384, 2385, 2389, 2394, 2395, 2397, 2402 to 2404, 2452, and 2669 of this title, repealing section 2173 of this title, enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2452 of this title, and repealing Part IV of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961] may be cited as the ‘Foreign Assistance Act of 1962’.’’ SHORT TITLE Pub. L. 87–195, § 1, as added by Pub. L. 87–329, title I, § 111, Sept. 30, 1961, 75 Stat. 719, provided: ‘‘That this Act [enacting this chapter and sections 1613d and 1945 of this title, amending sections 276, 279a, 1041, 1112, 1136, 1148, 1157, 1754, 1783, 1925, 1951 and 1964 of this title, sec- tion 1704 of Title 7, Agriculture, and sections 1651 and 1701 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, enact- ing provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 276, 1613d, and 1925 of this title, and repealing sections 1750, 1750a, 1750b to 1753a, 1755 to 1759, 1760, 1761 to 1765, 1766a to 1766c, 1767a, 1768, 1781, 1782, 1784 to 1795, 1797, 1811, 1812 to 1817, 1841, 1851, 1852, 1854, 1870, 1871 to 1876, 1891 to 1896, 1897, 1920, 1921, 1923, 1924, 1926, 1927, 1929, 1931, 1933, 1935, 1936, 1939 to 1940a, 1941, 2051 to 2053, 2071 and 2072 of this title, Reorganization Plan No. 7 of 1953, and provisions set out as notes under sections 1753, 1783, 1922, 1928b, 1939 and 1951 of this title] may be cited as ‘The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961’.’’ Pub. L. 87–195, pt. I, § 101, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 424, which provided that this subchapter should be cited as the ‘‘Act for International Development of 1961’’ was repealed by Pub. L. 88–205, pt. I, § 101(b), Dec. 16, 1963, 77 Stat. 379. Pub. L. 87–195, pt. V, § 801, as added by Pub. L. 105–214, § 1, July 29, 1998, 112 Stat. 885, as amended by Pub. L. 115–440, § 2(a), Jan. 14, 2019, 132 Stat. 5580, provided that: ‘‘This part [part V (§§ 801–813) of Pub. L. 87–195, enacting subchapter IV of this chapter] may be cited as the ‘Tropical Forest and Coral Reef Conservation Act of 1998’.’’ REPEALS Pub. L. 87–195, pt. III, § 642, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460, as amended by Pub. L. 89–171, pt. III, § 303(a), Sept. 6, 1965, 79 Stat. 661, provided that: ‘‘(a) There are hereby repealed— ‘‘(1) Reorganization Plan Numbered 7 of 1953 [for- merly set out as a note under section 1785 of this title]. ‘‘(2) the Mutual Security Act of 1954, as amended [section 1750 et seq. of this title] (except sections 402, 405(a), 405(c), 405(d), 408, 414, 417, 451(c), 502(a), 502(b), 514, 523(d), and 536 [sections 1922, 1925(a), 1925(c), 1925(d), 1928, 1934, 1937, 1951(c), 1754(a), (b), 1766, 1783(d) and 1796 of this title]); Page 540 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151 ‘‘(3) section 12 of the Mutual Security Act of 1955 [formerly set out as a note under section 1811 of this title]; ‘‘(4) sections 12, 13, and 14 of the Mutual Security Act of 1956 [section 1870 of this title and notes for- merly set out under sections 1753 and 1939 of this title]; ‘‘(5) section 503 of the Mutual Security Act of 1958 [section 1750a of this title]; ‘‘(6) section 108 of the Mutual Security Appropria- tion Act, 1959 [formerly set out as a note under sec- tion 1922 of this title]; ‘‘(7) section 501(a), chapter VI, and sections 702 and 703 of the Mutual Security Act of 1959, as amended [sections 1941, and 2051 to 2053 of this title and notes formerly set out under sections 1928b and 1951 of this title]; and ‘‘(8) section 604 and chapter VII of the Mutual Secu- rity Act of 1960 [sections 2071 and 2072 of this title and note formerly set out under section 1783 of this title]. ‘‘(b) References in law to the Acts, or provisions of such Acts, repealed by subsection (a) of this section shall hereafter be deemed to be references to this Act [see Short Title note for the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 above] or appropriate provisions of this Act. ‘‘(c) The repeal of the Acts listed in subsection (a) of this section shall not be deemed to affect amendments contained in such Acts to Acts not named in that sub- section.’’ UNITED STATES AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOP- MENT DEEMED AGENCY PRIMARILY RESPONSIBLE FOR ADMINISTERING THIS SUBCHAPTER Any reference in this chapter to the agency primarily responsible for administering this subchapter, or to the Administrator of such agency, deemed reference to the United States Agency for International Development or to the Administrator of that agency, as appropriate, see section 1–200(a) of Ex. Ord. No. 12163, Sept. 29, 1979, 44 F.R. 56673, as amended, set out as a note under sec- tion 2381 of this title. WESTERN HEMISPHERE PARTNERSHIP Pub. L. 118–159, div. E, title LI, subtitle B, Dec. 23, 2024, 138 Stat. 2422, provided that: ‘‘SEC. 5111. SHORT TITLE. ‘‘This subtitle may be cited as the ‘Western Hemi- sphere Partnership Act’. ‘‘SEC. 5112. UNITED STATES POLICY IN THE WEST- ERN HEMISPHERE. ‘‘It is the policy of the United States to promote eco- nomic competitiveness, democratic governance, and se- curity in the Western Hemisphere by— ‘‘(1) encouraging stronger economic relations, re- spect for property rights, the rule of law, and enforce- able investment rules and labor and environmental standards; ‘‘(2) advancing the principles and practices ex- pressed in the Charter of the Organization of Amer- ican States, the American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man, and the Inter-American Demo- cratic Charter; and ‘‘(3) enhancing the capacity and technical capabili- ties of democratic partner nation government insti- tutions, including civilian law enforcement, the judi- ciary, attorneys general, and security forces. ‘‘SEC. 5113. PROMOTING SECURITY AND THE RULE OF LAW IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE. ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of State, in coordi- nation with the heads of other relevant Federal agen- cies, should support the improvement of security condi- tions and the rule of law in the Western Hemisphere through collaborative efforts with democratic partners that— ‘‘(1) enhance the institutional capacity and tech- nical capabilities of defense and security institutions in democratic partner nations to conduct national or regional security missions, including through regular bilateral and multilateral engagements, foreign mili- tary sales and financing, international military edu- cation and training programs, expanding the Na- tional Guard State Partnership Programs, training on civil and political rights, and other means; ‘‘(2) provide technical assistance and material sup- port (including, as appropriate, radars, vessels, and communications equipment) to relevant security forces to disrupt, degrade, and dismantle organiza- tions involved in the illicit trafficking of narcotics and precursor chemicals, transnational criminal ac- tivities, illicit mining, and illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing, and other illicit activities, in- cluding in Haiti and countries included in the Carib- bean Basin Security Initiative; ‘‘(3) enhance the institutional capacity, legitimacy, and technical capabilities of relevant civilian law en- forcement, attorneys general, and judicial institu- tions to— ‘‘(A) strengthen the rule of law and transparent governance; ‘‘(B) combat corruption and kleptocracy in the re- gion; and ‘‘(C) improve regional cooperation to disrupt, de- grade, and dismantle transnational organized criminal networks and terrorist organizations, in- cluding through training, anticorruption initia- tives, anti-money laundering programs, and strengthening cyber capabilities and resources; ‘‘(4) enhance port management and maritime secu- rity partnerships and airport management and avia- tion security partnerships to disrupt, degrade, and dismantle transnational criminal networks and fa- cilitate the legitimate flow of people, goods, and serv- ices; ‘‘(5) strengthen cooperation to improve border secu- rity across the Western Hemisphere, dismantle human smuggling and trafficking networks, and in- crease cooperation to demonstrably strengthen mi- gration management systems; ‘‘(6) counter the malign influence of state and non- state actors and disinformation campaigns; ‘‘(7) disrupt illicit domestic and transnational fi- nancial networks; ‘‘(8) foster mechanisms for cooperation on emer- gency preparedness and rapid recovery from natural disasters, including by— ‘‘(A) supporting regional preparedness, recovery, and emergency management centers to facilitate rapid response to survey and help maintain plan- ning on regional disaster anticipated needs and pos- sible resources; ‘‘(B) training disaster recovery officials on latest techniques and lessons learned from United States experiences; ‘‘(C) making available, preparing, and transfer- ring on-hand nonlethal supplies, and providing training on the use of such supplies, for humani- tarian or health purposes to respond to unforeseen emergencies; and ‘‘(D) conducting medical support operations and medical humanitarian missions, such as hospital ship deployments and base-operating services, to the extent required by the operation; ‘‘(9) foster regional mechanisms for early warning and response to pandemics in the Western Hemi- sphere, including through— ‘‘(A) improved cooperation with and research by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention through regional pandemic response centers; ‘‘(B) personnel exchanges for technology transfer and skills development; and ‘‘(C) surveying and mapping of health networks to build local health capacity; ‘‘(10) promote women’s economic security and the meaningful participation of women across all polit- ical processes, including conflict prevention and con- flict resolution and post-conflict relief and recovery efforts; Page 541 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151 ‘‘(11) promote the economic, social and political ad- vancement of indigenous communities, afro-descend- ants, and other marginalized communities; and ‘‘(12) hold accountable actors that violate political and civil rights. ‘‘(b) LIMITATIONS ON USE OF TECHNOLOGIES.—Oper- ational technologies transferred pursuant to subsection (a) to partner governments for intelligence, defense, or law enforcement purposes shall be used solely for the purposes for which the technology was intended. The United States shall take steps to ensure that the use of such operational technologies is consistent with United States law, including protections of freedom of expres- sion, freedom of movement, and freedom of association. ‘‘(c) STRATEGY.— ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 23, 2024], the Secretary of State, in coordination with the heads of other relevant Federal agencies, shall submit to the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives a 5-year strategy to promote secu- rity and the rule of law in the Western Hemisphere in accordance to this section. ‘‘(2) ELEMENTS.—The strategy required under para- graph (1) shall include the following elements: ‘‘(A) A detailed assessment of the resources re- quired to carry out such collaborative efforts. ‘‘(B) Annual benchmarks to track progress and obstacles in undertaking such collaborative efforts. ‘‘(C) A public diplomacy component to engage the people of the Western Hemisphere with the purpose of demonstrating that the security of their coun- tries is enhanced to a greater extent through align- ment with the United States and democratic values rather than with authoritarian countries such as the People’s Republic of China, the Russian Federa- tion, and the Islamic Republic of Iran. ‘‘(3) BRIEFING.—Not later than 1 year after submis- sion of the strategy required under paragraph (1), and annually thereafter, the Secretary of State shall pro- vide to the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives a briefing on the implemen- tation of the strategy. ‘‘SEC. 5114. PROMOTING DIGITALIZATION AND CYBERSECURITY IN THE WESTERN HEMI- SPHERE. ‘‘The Secretary of State, in coordination with the heads of other relevant Federal agencies, should pro- mote digitalization and cybersecurity in the Western Hemisphere through collaborative efforts with demo- cratic partners that— ‘‘(1) promote digital connectivity and facilitate e- commerce by expanding access to information and communications technology (ICT) supply chains that adhere to high-quality security and reliability stand- ards, including— ‘‘(A) to open market access on a national treat- ment, nondiscriminatory basis; and ‘‘(B) to strengthen the cybersecurity and cyber resilience of partner countries; ‘‘(2) advance the provision of digital government services (e-government) that, to the greatest extent possible, promote transparency, lower business costs, and expand citizens’ access to public services and public information; and ‘‘(3) develop robust cybersecurity partnerships to— ‘‘(A) promote the inclusion of components and ar- chitectures in information and communications technology (ICT) supply chains from participants in initiatives that adhere to high-quality security and reliability standards; ‘‘(B) share best practices to mitigate cyber threats to critical infrastructure from ICT archi- tectures from foreign countries of concern as de- fined in section 10612(a)(1) of the Research and De- velopment, Competition, and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 19221(a)(1)), foreign entities of concern as de- fined in section 10612(a)(2) of the Research and De- velopment, Competition, and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 19221(a)(2)), and by technology providers that supply equipment and services covered under sec- tion 2 of the Secure and Trusted Communications Networks Act of 2019 (47 U.S.C. 1601); ‘‘(C) effectively respond to cybersecurity threats, including state-sponsored threats; and ‘‘(D) to [sic] strengthen resilience against cyberattacks and cybercrime. ‘‘SEC. 5115. PROMOTING ECONOMIC AND COMMER- CIAL PARTNERSHIPS IN THE WESTERN HEMI- SPHERE. ‘‘The Secretary of State, in consultation with the heads of other relevant Federal agencies, should sup- port the improvement of economic conditions in the Western Hemisphere through collaborative efforts with democratic partners that— ‘‘(1) facilitate a more open, transparent, and com- petitive environment for United States businesses and promote robust and comprehensive trade capac- ity-building and trade facilitation by— ‘‘(A) reducing trade and nontariff barriers be- tween the countries in the region, establishing a mechanism for pursuing Mutual Recognition Agree- ments and Formalized Regulatory Cooperation Agreements in priority sectors of the economy; ‘‘(B) building relationships and exchanges be- tween relevant regulatory bodies in the United States and democratic partners in the Western Hemisphere to promote best practices and trans- parency in rulemaking, implementation, and en- forcement, and provide training and assistance to help improve supply chain management in the Western Hemisphere; ‘‘(C) establishing regional fora for identifying, raising, and addressing supply chain management issues, including infrastructure needs and strength- ening of investment rules and regulatory frame- works; ‘‘(D) establishing a dedicated program of trade missions and reverse trade missions to increase commercial contacts and ties between the United States and Western Hemisphere partner countries; and ‘‘(E) strengthening labor and environmental standards in the region; ‘‘(2) establish frameworks or mechanisms to review and address the long-term financial sustainability and national security implications of foreign invest- ments in strategic sectors or services; ‘‘(3) establish competitive and transparent infra- structure project selection and procurement proc- esses that promote transparency, open competition, financial sustainability, and robust adherence to global standards and norms; ‘‘(4) advance robust and comprehensive energy pro- duction and integration, including through a more open, transparent, and competitive environment for United States companies competing in the Western Hemisphere; and ‘‘(5) explore opportunities to partner with the pri- vate sector and multilateral institutions, such as the World Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank, to promote universal access to reliable and af- fordable electricity in the Western Hemisphere. ‘‘SEC. 5116. PROMOTING TRANSPARENCY AND DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE. ‘‘The Secretary of State, in coordination with the Ad- ministrator of the United States Agency for Inter- national Development and heads of other relevant Fed- eral agencies, should support transparent, accountable, and democratic governance in the Western Hemisphere through collaborative efforts with democratic partners that— ‘‘(1) strengthen the capacity of national electoral institutions to ensure free, fair, and transparent elec- toral processes, including through pre-election as- Page 542 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151 sessment missions, technical assistance, and inde- pendent local and international election monitoring and observation missions; ‘‘(2) enhance the capabilities of democratically elected national legislatures, parliamentary bodies, and autonomous regulatory institutions to conduct oversight; ‘‘(3) strengthen the capacity of subnational govern- ment institutions to govern in a transparent, ac- countable, and democratic manner, including through training and technical assistance; ‘‘(4) combat corruption at local and national levels, including through trainings, cooperation agreements, initiatives aimed at dismantling corrupt networks, and political support for bilateral or multilateral anticorruption mechanisms that strengthen attor- neys general and prosecutors’ offices; ‘‘(5) strengthen the capacity of civil society to con- duct oversight of government institutions, build the capacity of independent professional journalism, fa- cilitate substantive dialogue with government and the private sector to generate issue-based policies, and mobilize local resources to carry out such activi- ties; ‘‘(6) promote the meaningful and significant par- ticipation of women in democratic processes, includ- ing in national and subnational government and civil society; and ‘‘(7) support the creation of procedures for the Or- ganization of American States (OAS) to create an an- nual forum for democratically elected national legis- latures from OAS member States to discuss issues of hemispheric importance, as expressed in section 4 of the Organization of American States Legislative En- gagement Act of 2020 (Public Law 116–343) [22 U.S.C. 290q note]. ‘‘SEC. 5117. SENSE OF CONGRESS ON PRIORITIZING NOMINATION AND CONFIRMATION OF QUALI- FIED AMBASSADORS. ‘‘It is the sense of Congress that it is critically im- portant that both the President and the Senate play their respective roles to nominate and confirm quali- fied ambassadors as quickly as possible. ‘‘SEC. 5118. WESTERN HEMISPHERE DEFINED. ‘‘In this subtitle, the term ‘Western Hemisphere’ does not include Cuba, Nicaragua, or Venezuela.’’ COORDINATOR FOR AFGHAN RELOCATION EFFORTS Pub. L. 118–159, div. G, title LXXVIII, § 7810, Dec. 23, 2024, 138 Stat. 2563, provided that: ‘‘(a) ESTABLISHMENT OF COORDINATOR.—The Secretary [of State] shall appoint a Coordinator for Afghan Relo- cation Efforts (in this section referred to as the ‘Coor- dinator’), who shall be responsible for— ‘‘(1) relocating and resettling eligible Afghan allies and facilitating the departure of United States citi- zens and lawful permanent residents who request United States assistance to leave Afghanistan; and ‘‘(2) working with other offices of the Department [of State], as well as with appropriate counterparts at other Federal departments and agencies, to ensure in- tegrated United States support for such relocation ef- forts. ‘‘(b) AUTHORITIES.—The Coordinator is authorized— ‘‘(1) to enter into personal services contracts for a period ending not later than the date described in subsection (e); ‘‘(2) to extend and maintain through such date per- sonal services contracts entered into pursuant to the authority provided by section 2401 of the Afghanistan Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2022 (Public Law 117–43) [135 Stat. 375]; ‘‘(3) to hire temporary personnel who are United States citizens, except that to the extent possible the Coordinator should use Foreign Service limited ap- pointments to fill such positions both in the United States and abroad in accordance with section 309 of the Foreign Service Act of 1980 (22 U.S.C. 3949); and ‘‘(4) subject to the availability of appropriations— ‘‘(A) to accept, in the form of reimbursement or transfer, amounts from other Federal departments or agencies as appropriate to carry out the duties described in subsection (a); and ‘‘(B) to reimburse such other departments or agencies as the Coordinator may determine appro- priate to carry out such duties. ‘‘(c) DETAILEES AND ASSIGNEES.—Any Federal Govern- ment employee may be detailed or assigned to the Of- fice of the Coordinator, with or without reimburse- ment, consistent with applicable laws and regulations regarding such employee, and such detail or assign- ment shall be without interruption or loss of status or privilege. ‘‘(d) NOTIFICATION WITH RESPECT TO TRANSFERS OF FUNDS.—The Coordinator shall notify the appropriate congressional committees [Committee on Foreign Rela- tions of the Senate and Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives] and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives of each use of the transfer authority made available under sub- section (b)(4)(A) not later than 15 days before the com- pletion of such transfer. ‘‘(e) SUNSET.—This section and the authorities pro- vided by this section shall terminate on the date that is 3 years after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 23, 2024].’’ UNITED STATES-ECUADOR PARTNERSHIP Pub. L. 117–263, div. E, title LV, subtitle B, Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 3335, provided that: ‘‘SEC. 5541. SHORT TITLE. ‘‘This subtitle may be cited as the ‘United States-Ec- uador Partnership Act of 2022’. ‘‘SEC. 5542. SENSE OF CONGRESS. ‘‘It is the sense of Congress that— ‘‘(1) the United States should take additional steps to strengthen its bilateral partnership with Ecuador, including by providing for robust trade and invest- ment, increasing law enforcement cooperation, re- newing the activities of the United States Agency for International Development in Ecuador, and sup- porting Ecuador’s response to and recovery from the COVID–19 pandemic, as necessary and appropriate; and ‘‘(2) strengthening the United States-Ecuador part- nership presents an opportunity to advance core United States national security interests and work with other democratic partners to maintain a pros- perous, politically stable, and democratic Western Hemisphere that is resilient to malign foreign influ- ence. ‘‘SEC. 5543. FACILITATING ECONOMIC AND COM- MERCIAL TIES. ‘‘The Secretary of State, in coordination with the Secretary of Commerce, the United States Trade Rep- resentative, the Secretary of the Treasury, and the heads of other relevant Federal departments and agen- cies, as appropriate, shall develop and implement a strategy to strengthen commercial and economic ties between the United States and Ecuador by— ‘‘(1) promoting cooperation and information shar- ing to encourage awareness of and increase trade and investment opportunities between the United States and Ecuador; ‘‘(2) supporting efforts by the Government of Ecua- dor to promote a more open, transparent, and com- petitive business environment, including by lowering trade barriers, implementing policies to reduce trad- ing times, and improving efficiencies to expedite cus- toms operations for importers and exporters of all sizes, in all sectors, and at all ports of entry in Ecua- dor; ‘‘(3) establishing frameworks or mechanisms to re- view the long term financial sustainability and secu- rity implications of foreign investments in Ecuador in strategic sectors or services; Page 543 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151 ‘‘(4) establishing competitive and transparent infra- structure project selection and procurement proc- esses in Ecuador that promote transparency, open competition, financial sustainability, and robust ad- herence to global standards and norms; ‘‘(5) developing programs to help the Government of Ecuador improve efficiency and transparency in cus- toms administration, including through support for the Government of Ecuador’s ongoing efforts to digitize its customs process and accept electronic documents required for the import, export, and tran- sit of goods under specific international standards, as well as related training to expedite customs, secu- rity, efficiency, and competitiveness; ‘‘(6) spurring digital transformation that would ad- vance— ‘‘(A) the provision of digitized government serv- ices with the greatest potential to improve trans- parency, lower business costs, and expand citizens’ access to public services and public information; and ‘‘(B) best practices to mitigate the risks to digital infrastructure by doing business with communica- tion networks and communications supply chains with equipment and services from companies with close ties to or susceptible to pressure from govern- ments or security services without reliable legal checks on governmental powers; and ‘‘(7) identifying, as appropriate, a role for the United States International Development Finance Corporation, the Millennium Challenge Corporation, the United States Agency for International Develop- ment, and the United States private sector in sup- porting efforts to increase private sector investment and strengthen economic prosperity. ‘‘SEC. 5544. PROMOTING INCLUSIVE ECONOMIC DE- VELOPMENT. ‘‘The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, in coordination with the Secretary of State and the heads of other relevant Fed- eral departments and agencies, as appropriate, shall de- velop and implement a strategy and related programs to support inclusive economic development across Ec- uador’s national territory by— ‘‘(1) facilitating increased access to public and pri- vate financing, equity investments, grants, and mar- ket analysis for small and medium-sized businesses; ‘‘(2) providing technical assistance to local govern- ments to formulate and enact local development plans that invest in Indigenous and Afro-Ecuadorian communities; ‘‘(3) connecting rural agricultural networks, includ- ing Indigenous and Afro-Ecuadorian agricultural net- works, to consumers in urban centers and export markets, including through infrastructure construc- tion and maintenance programs that are subject to audits and carefully designed to minimize potential environmental harm; ‘‘(4) partnering with local governments, the private sector, and local civil society organizations, includ- ing organizations representing marginalized commu- nities and faith-based organizations, to provide skills training and investment in support of initiatives that provide economically viable, legal alternatives to participating in illegal economies; and ‘‘(5) connecting small scale fishing enterprises to consumers and export markets, in order to reduce vulnerability to organized criminal networks. ‘‘SEC. 5545. COMBATING ILLICIT ECONOMIES, COR- RUPTION, AND NEGATIVE FOREIGN INFLU- ENCE. ‘‘The Secretary of State, in coordination with the Secretary of the Treasury, shall develop and implement a strategy and related programs to increase the capac- ity of Ecuador’s justice system and law enforcement authorities to combat illicit economies, corruption, transnational criminal organizations, and the harmful influence of malign foreign and domestic actors by— ‘‘(1) providing technical assistance and material support (including, as appropriate, radars, vessels, and communications equipment) to vetted specialized units of Ecuador’s national police and the armed services to disrupt, degrade, and dismantle organiza- tions involved in illicit narcotics trafficking, transnational criminal activities, illicit mining, and illegal, unregulated, and unreported fishing, among other illicit activities; ‘‘(2) providing technical assistance to address chal- lenges related to Ecuador’s penitentiary and correc- tions system; ‘‘(3) strengthening the regulatory framework of mining through collaboration with key Ecuadorian institutions, such as the Interior Ministry’s Special Commission for the Control of Illegal Mining and the National Police’s Investigative Unit on Mining Crimes, and providing technical assistance in support of their law enforcement activities; ‘‘(4) providing technical assistance to judges, pros- ecutors, and ombudsmen to increase capacity to en- force laws against human smuggling and trafficking, illicit mining, illegal logging, illegal, unregulated, and unreported (IUU) fishing, and other illicit eco- nomic activities; ‘‘(5) providing support to the Government of Ecua- dor to prevent illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing, including through expanding detection and response capabilities, and the use of dark vessel trac- ing technology; ‘‘(6) supporting multilateral efforts to stem illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing with neighboring countries in South America and within the South Pa- cific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation; ‘‘(7) assisting the Government of Ecuador’s efforts to protect defenders of internationally recognized human rights, including through the work of the Of- fice of the Ombudsman of Ecuador, and by encour- aging the inclusion of Indigenous and Afro-Ecua- dorian communities and civil society organizations in this process; ‘‘(8) supporting efforts to improve transparency, up- hold accountability, and build capacity within the Of- fice of the Comptroller General; ‘‘(9) enhancing the institutional capacity and tech- nical capabilities of defense and security institutions of Ecuador to conduct national or regional security missions, including through regular bilateral and multilateral cooperation, foreign military financing, international military education, and training pro- grams, consistent with applicable Ecuadorian laws and regulations; ‘‘(10) enhancing port management and maritime se- curity partnerships to disrupt, degrade, and dis- mantle transnational criminal networks and facili- tate the legitimate flow of people, goods, and serv- ices; and ‘‘(11) strengthening cybersecurity cooperation— ‘‘(A) to effectively respond to cybersecurity threats, including state-sponsored threats; ‘‘(B) to share best practices to combat such threats; ‘‘(C) to help develop and implement information architectures that respect individual privacy rights and reduce the risk that data collected through such systems will be exploited by malign state and non-state actors; ‘‘(D) to strengthen resilience against cyberattacks; and ‘‘(E) to strengthen the resilience of critical infra- structure. ‘‘SEC. 5546. STRENGTHENING DEMOCRATIC GOV- ERNANCE. ‘‘(a) STRENGTHENING DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE.—The Secretary of State, in coordination with the Adminis- trator of the United States Agency for International Development, should develop and implement initiatives to strengthen democratic governance in Ecuador by supporting— ‘‘(1) measures to improve the capacity of national and subnational government institutions to govern Page 544 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151 through transparent, inclusive, and democratic proc- esses; ‘‘(2) efforts that measurably enhance the capacity of political actors and parties to strengthen demo- cratic institutions and the rule of law; ‘‘(3) initiatives to strengthen democratic govern- ance, including combating political, administrative, and judicial corruption and improving transparency of the administration of public budgets; and ‘‘(4) the efforts of civil society organizations and independent media— ‘‘(A) to conduct oversight of the Government of Ecuador and the National Assembly of Ecuador; ‘‘(B) to promote initiatives that strengthen demo- cratic governance, anti-corruption standards, and public and private sector transparency; and ‘‘(C) to foster political engagement between the Government of Ecuador, including the National As- sembly of Ecuador, and all parts of Ecuadorian so- ciety, including women, indigenous communities, and Afro-Ecuadorian communities. ‘‘(b) LEGISLATIVE STRENGTHENING.—The Adminis- trator of the United States Agency for International Development, working through the Consortium for Elections and Political Process Strengthening or any equivalent or successor mechanism, shall develop and implement programs to strengthen the National As- sembly of Ecuador by providing training and technical assistance to— ‘‘(1) members and committee offices of the National Assembly of Ecuador, including the Ethics Com- mittee and Audit Committee; ‘‘(2) assist in the creation of entities that can offer comprehensive and independent research and analysis on legislative and oversight matters pending before the National Assembly, including budgetary and eco- nomic issues; and ‘‘(3) improve democratic governance and govern- ment transparency, including through effective legis- lation. ‘‘(c) BILATERAL LEGISLATIVE COOPERATION.—To the degree practicable, in implementing the programs re- quired under subsection (b), the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development should facilitate meetings and collaboration between members of the United States Congress and the Na- tional Assembly of Ecuador. ‘‘SEC. 5547. FOSTERING CONSERVATION AND STEW- ARDSHIP. ‘‘The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, in coordination with the Secretary of State and the heads of other relevant Fed- eral departments and agencies, shall develop and imple- ment programs and enhance existing programs, as nec- essary and appropriate, to improve ecosystem con- servation and enhance the effective stewardship of Ec- uador’s natural resources by— ‘‘(1) providing technical assistance to Ecuador’s Ministry of the Environment to safeguard national parks and protected forests and protected species, while promoting the participation of Indigenous com- munities in this process; ‘‘(2) strengthening the capacity of communities to access the right to prior consultation, encoded in Ar- ticle 57 of the Constitution of Ecuador and related laws, executive decrees, administrative acts, and ministerial regulations; ‘‘(3) supporting Indigenous and Afro-Ecuadorian communities as they raise awareness of threats to biodiverse ancestral lands, including through support for local media in such communities and technical assistance to monitor illicit activities; ‘‘(4) partnering with the Government of Ecuador in support of reforestation and improving river, lake, and coastal water quality; ‘‘(5) providing assistance to communities affected by illegal mining and deforestation; and ‘‘(6) fostering mechanisms for cooperation on emer- gency preparedness and rapid recovery from natural disasters, including by— ‘‘(A) establishing regional preparedness, recovery, and emergency management centers to facilitate rapid response to survey and help maintain plan- ning on regional disaster anticipated needs and pos- sible resources; and ‘‘(B) training disaster recovery officials on latest techniques and lessons learned from United States experiences. ‘‘SEC. 5548. AUTHORIZATION TO TRANSFER EXCESS COAST GUARD VESSELS. ‘‘(a) SENSE OF CONGRESS.—It is the sense of Congress that the United States should undertake efforts to ex- pand cooperation with the Government of Ecuador to— ‘‘(1) ensure protections for the Gala´pagos Marine Reserve; ‘‘(2) deter illegal, unreported, and unregulated fish- ing; and ‘‘(3) increase interdiction of narcotics trafficking and other forms of illicit trafficking. ‘‘(b) AUTHORITY TO TRANSFER EXCESS COAST GUARD VESSELS TO THE GOVERNMENT OF ECUADOR.—The Presi- dent shall conduct a joint assessment with the Govern- ment of Ecuador to ensure sufficient capacity exists to maintain Island class cutters. Upon completion of a fa- vorable assessment, the President is authorized to transfer up to two ISLAND class cutters to the Govern- ment of Ecuador as excess defense articles pursuant to the authority of section 516 of the Foreign Assistance Act [of 1961] (22 U.S.C. 2321j). ‘‘(c) GRANTS NOT COUNTED IN ANNUAL TOTAL OF TRANSFERRED EXCESS DEFENSE ARTICLES.—The value of a vessel transferred to another country on a grant basis pursuant to authority provided by subsection (b) shall not be counted against the aggregate value of excess defense articles transferred in any fiscal year under section 516 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2321j). ‘‘(d) COSTS OF TRANSFERS.—Any expense incurred by the United States in connection with a transfer author- ized by this section shall be charged to the recipient notwithstanding section 516(e) of the Foreign Assist- ance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2321j(e)). ‘‘(e) REPAIR AND REFURBISHMENT IN UNITED STATES SHIPYARDS.—To the maximum extent practicable, the President shall require, as a condition of the transfer of a vessel under this section, that the recipient to which the vessel is transferred have such repair or refurbish- ment of the vessel as is needed, before the vessel joins the naval forces of that recipient, performed at a ship- yard located in the United States. ‘‘(f) EXPIRATION OF AUTHORITY.—The authority to transfer a vessel under this section shall expire at the end of the 3-year period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 23, 2022]. ‘‘SEC. 5549. REPORTING REQUIREMENTS. ‘‘(a) SECRETARY OF STATE.—The Secretary of State, in coordination with the heads of other relevant Fed- eral departments and agencies as described in sections 5543, 5545, and 5546(a), shall— ‘‘(1) not later than 180 days after the date of the en- actment of this Act, submit to the appropriate con- gressional committees a comprehensive strategy to address the requirements described in sections 5543, 5545, and 5546(a); and ‘‘(2) not later than 2 years and 4 years after submit- ting the comprehensive strategy under paragraph (1), submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report describing the implementation of the strat- egy. ‘‘(b) ADMINISTRATOR OF THE UNITED STATES AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT.—The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Develop- ment, in coordination with the heads of other relevant Federal departments and agencies as described in sec- tions 5544, 5546(b), and 5547, shall— ‘‘(1) not later than 180 days after the date of the en- actment of this Act, submit to appropriate congres- sional committees a comprehensive strategy to ad- dress the requirements described in sections 5544, 5546(b) and 5547; and Page 545 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151 ‘‘(2) not later than 2 years and 4 years after submit- ting the comprehensive strategy under paragraph (1), submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report describing the implementation of the strat- egy. ‘‘(c) SUBMISSION.—The strategies and reports required under subsections (a) and (b) may be submitted to the appropriate congressional committees as joint strate- gies and reports. ‘‘(d) APPROPRIATE CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEES.—In this subtitle, the term ‘appropriate congressional com- mittees’ means the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives. ‘‘SEC. 5550. SUNSET. ‘‘This subtitle shall terminate on the date that is 5 years after the date of the enactment of this Act.’’ STATEMENT OF POLICY ON ENGAGING WITH NIGER Pub. L. 117–263, div. E, title LV, § 5597(a), Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 3396, provided that: ‘‘It is the policy of the United States to— ‘‘(1) continue to support Niger’s efforts to advance democracy, good governance, human rights, and re- gional security within its borders through bilateral assistance and multilateral initiatives; ‘‘(2) enhance engagement and cooperation with the Nigerien Government at all levels as a key compo- nent of stabilizing the Sahel, where frequent coups and other anti-democratic movements, food insecu- rity, violent extremism, and armed conflict threaten to further weaken governments throughout the re- gion; and ‘‘(3) work closely with partners and allies through- out the international community to elevate Niger, which experienced its first democratic transition of power in 2021, as an example of transitioning from longstanding military governance and a cycle of coups to a democratic, civilian-led form of govern- ment.’’ STATEMENT OF POLICY ON PARTNERING WITH WEST AFRICAN GOVERNMENTS Pub. L. 117–263, div. E, title LV, § 5599A(a), Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 3399, provided that: ‘‘It is the policy of the United States to partner with West African govern- ments where possible to mitigate and counter growing regional insecurity resulting from the spread of armed conflict and terrorism, including by providing assist- ance to train, equip, and mentor West African security services to counter threats to regional and national se- curity through a whole-of-government approach.’’ ASSISTANCE FOR INNOCENT VICTIMS OF CONFLICT Pub. L. 117–103, div. K, title VII, § 7056, Mar. 15, 2022, 136 Stat. 669, provided that: ‘‘Not later than 90 days after enactment of this Act [Mar. 15, 2022], the Admin- istrator of the United States Agency for International Development shall establish a fund, which shall be re- ferred to as the ‘Marla Ruzicka Fund for Innocent Vic- tims of Conflict’ (the ‘Marla Fund’), to provide assist- ance to civilians harmed as a result of military oper- ations in Iraq, Afghanistan, Syria, and Yemen: Pro- vided, That of the funds appropriated under title III of this Act [title III of div. K of Pub. L. 117–103, 136 Stat. 575], not less than $10,000,000 shall be made available for the Marla Fund: Provided further, That the USAID [United States Agency for International Development] Administrator shall consult with the Committees on Appropriations not later than 60 days after enactment of this Act regarding the establishment and implemen- tation of the Marla Fund.’’ HAITI DEVELOPMENT, ACCOUNTABILITY, AND INSTITUTIONAL TRANSPARENCY INITIATIVE Pub. L. 117–103, div. V, §§ 102–106, 110, Mar. 15, 2022, 136 Stat. 834–836, 840, provided that: ‘‘SEC. 102. STATEMENT OF POLICY. ‘‘It is the policy of the United States to support the sustainable rebuilding and development of Haiti in a manner that— ‘‘(1) recognizes Haitian independence, self-reliance, and sovereignty; ‘‘(2) promotes efforts that are led by and support the people and Government of Haiti at all levels so that Haitians lead the course of reconstruction and development of Haiti; ‘‘(3) contributes to international efforts to facili- tate conditions for broad, inclusive, and sustained po- litical dialogue among the different actors in Haiti to restore democratic legitimacy and institutions in Haiti; ‘‘(4) builds the long-term capacity of the Govern- ment of Haiti, civil society, and the private sector to foster economic opportunities in Haiti; ‘‘(5) fosters collaboration between the Haitian dias- pora in the United States, including dual citizens of Haiti and the United States, and the Government of Haiti and the business community in Haiti; ‘‘(6) supports anticorruption efforts, promotes press freedom, and addresses human rights concerns, in- cluding through the enforcement of sanctions im- posed in accordance with the Global Magnitsky Human Rights Accountability Act (subtitle F of title XII of Public Law 114–328; 22 U.S.C. 2656 note [now 22 U.S.C. 10101 et seq.]) on individuals implicated in human rights violations and corruption; ‘‘(7) respects and helps restore the natural re- sources of Haiti and strengthens community-level re- silience to environmental and weather-related im- pacts; ‘‘(8) promotes political stability through the hold- ing of free, fair, transparent, and timely elections in accordance with democratic principles and the Con- stitution of Haiti; ‘‘(9) provides timely and comprehensive reporting on the goals and progress of the Government of Haiti and the United States Government, and transparent post-program evaluations and contracting data; and ‘‘(10) promotes the participation of Haitian women and youth in governmental and nongovernmental in- stitutions and in economic development and govern- ance assistance programs funded by the United States. ‘‘SEC. 103. DEFINITION OF APPROPRIATE CON- GRESSIONAL COMMITTEES. ‘‘In this division [div. V of Pub. L. 117–103, see Short Title of 2022 Amendment note above], the term ‘appro- priate congressional committees’ means— ‘‘(1) the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate; and ‘‘(2) the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Rep- resentatives. ‘‘SEC. 104. STRENGTHENING HUMAN RIGHTS AND ANTICORRUPTION EFFORTS IN HAITI AND HOLDING PERPETRATORS OF THE LA SALINE MASSACRE ACCOUNTABLE. ‘‘(a) PRIORITIZATION BY SECRETARY OF STATE.—The Secretary of State shall prioritize the protection of human rights and anticorruption efforts in Haiti through the following methods: ‘‘(1) Fostering strong relationships with inde- pendent civil society groups focused on monitoring corruption and human rights abuses and promoting democracy in Haiti. ‘‘(2) Supporting the efforts of the Government of Haiti to identify persons involved in human rights violations and significant acts of corruption in Haiti, including public and private sector actors, and hold them accountable for their actions. ‘‘(3) Addressing concerns of impunity for the al- leged perpetrators of and the individuals who orga- nized and planned the massacre in La Saline that took place on November 13, 2018. Page 546 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151 ‘‘(4) Urging authorities to continue to investigate attacks in the neighborhoods of La Saline and Bel Air in 2018 and 2019 that left dozens dead in order to bring the perpetrators to justice. ‘‘(b) BRIEFING.— ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Mar. 15, 2022], the Secretary shall brief the appropriate congressional committees on the events that took place on Novem- ber 13, 2018, in the neighborhood of La Saline, in Port- au-Prince, Haiti, and the aftermath of those events. ‘‘(2) ELEMENTS.—The briefing required by paragraph (1) shall include the following: ‘‘(A) An examination of any links between the massacre in La Saline and mass protests that oc- curred concurrently in Haiti. ‘‘(B) An analysis of the reports on the massacre in La Saline authored by the United Nations, the Eu- ropean Union, and the Government of Haiti. ‘‘(C) A detailed description of all known perpetra- tors of and the individuals who organized and planned the massacre. ‘‘(D) An overview of efforts of the Government of Haiti to bring the perpetrators of and the individ- uals who organized and planned the massacre in La Saline to justice and to prevent other similar at- tacks. ‘‘(E) An assessment of the ensuing treatment and displacement of the survivors of the massacre in La Saline. ‘‘(3) CONSULTATION.—In carrying out paragraph (1), the Secretary shall consult with nongovernmental or- ganizations in Haiti and the United States. ‘‘SEC. 105. PROMOTING FREEDOM OF THE PRESS AND ASSEMBLY IN HAITI. ‘‘The Secretary of State shall prioritize the pro- motion of freedom of the press and freedom of assembly and the protection of journalists in Haiti through the following methods: ‘‘(1) Advocating to Haitian authorities for increased protection for journalists and the press and for the freedom to peacefully assemble or protest in Haiti. ‘‘(2) Collaborating with officials of the Government of Haiti and representatives of civil society to in- crease legal protections for journalists in Haiti. ‘‘(3) Supporting efforts to strengthen transparency in the public and private sectors in Haiti and access to information in Haiti. ‘‘(4) Using United States foreign assistance for pro- grams to strengthen capacity for independent jour- nalists and increase support for investigative jour- nalism in Haiti. ‘‘SEC. 106. SUPPORTING POST-EARTHQUAKE, POST- HURRICANE, AND POST-COVID–19 RECOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT IN HAITI. ‘‘The Secretary of State, in coordination with the Ad- ministrator of the United States Agency for Inter- national Development, shall prioritize post-earth- quake, post-hurricane, and post-COVID–19 recovery and development efforts in Haiti through the following methods: ‘‘(1) Collaborating with the Government of Haiti on a detailed and transparent development plan that in- cludes clear objectives and benchmarks. ‘‘(2) Building the capacity of Haitian-led public, pri- vate, and nongovernmental sector institutions in Haiti through post-earthquake and post-hurricane re- covery and development planning. ‘‘(3) Assessing the impact of the recovery efforts of the United States and the international community in Haiti since January 2010. ‘‘(4) Supporting disaster resilience and reconstruc- tion efforts. ‘‘(5) Addressing the underlying causes of poverty and inequality. ‘‘(6) Improving access to— ‘‘(A) health resources; ‘‘(B) public health technical assistance; and ‘‘(C) clean water, food, and shelter. ‘‘(7) Assessing the impact of the COVID–19 pan- demic on post-disaster recovery efforts and evalu- ating United States support needed to help with the pandemic response in Haiti. ‘‘(8) Supporting— ‘‘(A) the export of additional United States-pro- duced COVID–19 vaccine doses to Haiti; and ‘‘(B) the safe storage, transport, and end-to-end distribution of United States-produced COVID–19 vaccines throughout Haiti, in light of ongoing hu- manitarian access challenges presented by Haiti’s security environment. ‘‘SEC. 110. TERMINATION. ‘‘This division shall terminate on December 31, 2025.’’ TRANS-SAHARA COUNTERTERRORISM PARTNERSHIP PROGRAM Pub. L. 117–103, div. AA, Mar. 15, 2022, 136 Stat. 1063, provided that: ‘‘SEC. 101. SHORT TITLE. ‘‘This division may be cited as the [‘]Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Partnership Program Act of 2022[’]. ‘‘SEC. 102. SENSE OF CONGRESS. ‘‘It is the sense of Congress that— ‘‘(1) terrorist and violent extremist organizations, such as Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, Boko Haram, the Islamic State of West Africa, and other affiliated groups, have killed tens of thousands of in- nocent civilians, displaced populations, destabilized local and national governments, and caused mass human suffering in the affected communities; ‘‘(2) poor governance, political and economic marginalization, and lack of accountability for human rights abuses by security forces are drivers of extremism; ‘‘(3) it is in the national security interest of the United States— ‘‘(A) to combat the spread of terrorism and vio- lent extremism; and ‘‘(B) to build the capacity of partner countries to combat such threats in Africa; ‘‘(4) terrorist and violent extremist organizations exploit vulnerable and marginalized communities suf- fering from poverty, lack of economic opportunity (particularly among youth populations), corruption, and weak governance; and ‘‘(5) a comprehensive, coordinated, interagency ap- proach is needed to develop an effective strategy— ‘‘(A) to address the security challenges in the Sahel-Maghreb; ‘‘(B) to appropriately allocate resources and de- conflict programs; and ‘‘(C) to maximize the effectiveness of United States defense, diplomatic, and development capa- bilities. ‘‘SEC. 103. STATEMENT OF POLICY. ‘‘It is the policy of the United States to assist coun- tries in North Africa and West Africa, and other allies and partners that are active in those regions, in com- bating terrorism and violent extremism through a co- ordinated, interagency approach with a consistent strategy that appropriately balances security activities with diplomatic and development efforts to address the political, socioeconomic, governance, and development challenges in North Africa and West Africa that con- tribute to terrorism and violent extremism. ‘‘SEC. 104. TRANS-SAHARA COUNTERTERRORISM PARTNERSHIP PROGRAM. ‘‘(a) APPROPRIATE CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEES DE- FINED.—In this section, the term ‘appropriate congres- sional committees’ means— ‘‘(1) the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate; ‘‘(2) the Committee on Armed Services of the Sen- ate; ‘‘(3) the Committee on Appropriations of the Sen- ate; Page 547 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151 ‘‘(4) the Select Committee on Intelligence of the Senate; ‘‘(5) the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives; ‘‘(6) the Committee on Armed Services of the House of Representatives; ‘‘(7) the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives; and ‘‘(8) the Permanent Select Committee on Intel- ligence of the House of Representatives. ‘‘(b) IN GENERAL.— ‘‘(1) ESTABLISHMENT.—The President shall establish a partnership program, which shall be known as the ‘Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Partnership Pro- gram’ (referred to in this section as the ‘Program’), to coordinate the programs, projects, and activities of the Program in countries in North Africa and West Africa that are conducted— ‘‘(A) to improve governance and the capacities of countries in North Africa and West Africa to de- liver basic services, particularly to at-risk commu- nities, as a means of countering terrorism and vio- lent extremism by enhancing state legitimacy and authority and countering corruption; ‘‘(B) to address the factors that make people and communities vulnerable to recruitment by terrorist and violent extremist organizations, including eco- nomic vulnerability and mistrust of government and government security forces, through activities such as— ‘‘(i) supporting strategies that increase youth employment opportunities; ‘‘(ii) promoting girls’ education and women’s political participation; ‘‘(iii) strengthening local governance and civil society capacity; ‘‘(iv) improving government transparency and accountability; ‘‘(v) fighting corruption; ‘‘(vi) improving access to economic opportuni- ties; and ‘‘(vii) other development activities necessary to support community resilience; ‘‘(C) to strengthen the rule of law in such coun- tries, including by enhancing the capability of the judicial institutions to independently, trans- parently, and credibly deter, investigate, and pros- ecute acts of terrorism and violent extremism; ‘‘(D) to improve the ability of military and law enforcement entities in partner countries— ‘‘(i) to detect, disrupt, respond to, and prosecute violent extremist and terrorist activity, while re- specting human rights; and ‘‘(ii) to cooperate with the United States and other partner countries on counterterrorism and counter-extremism efforts; ‘‘(E) to enhance the border security capacity of partner countries, including the ability to monitor, detain, and interdict terrorists; ‘‘(F) to identify, monitor, disrupt, and counter the human capital and financing pipelines of ter- rorism; or ‘‘(G) to support the free expression and operations of independent, local-language media, particularly in rural areas, while countering the media oper- ations and recruitment propaganda of terrorist and violent extremist organizations. ‘‘(2) ASSISTANCE FRAMEWORK.—Program activities shall— ‘‘(A) be carried out in countries in which the President— ‘‘(i) determines that there is an adequate level of partner country commitment; and ‘‘(ii) has considered partner country needs, ab- sorptive capacity, sustainment capacity, and ef- forts of other donors in the sector; ‘‘(B) have clearly defined outcomes; ‘‘(C) be closely coordinated among relevant par- ticipating departments and agencies; ‘‘(D) have specific plans with robust indicators to regularly monitor and evaluate outcomes and im- pact; ‘‘(E) complement and enhance efforts to promote democratic governance, the rule of law, human rights, and economic growth; ‘‘(F) in the case of train and equip programs, com- plement longer-term security sector institution- building; and ‘‘(G) have mechanisms in place to track resources and routinely monitor and evaluate the efficacy of relevant programs. ‘‘(3) CONGRESSIONAL NOTIFICATION.—Not later than 15 days before obligating amounts for an activity con- ducted pursuant to the Program under paragraph (1), the Secretary of State shall notify the appropriate congressional committees, in accordance with section 634A of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2394–1), of— ‘‘(A) the foreign country and entity, as applica- ble, whose capabilities are to be enhanced in ac- cordance with the purposes described in paragraph (1); ‘‘(B) the amount, type, and purpose of support to be provided; ‘‘(C) the absorptive capacity of the foreign coun- try to effectively implement the assistance to be provided; ‘‘(D) the extent to which state security forces of the foreign country have been implicated in gross violations of human rights and the risk that obli- gated funds may be used to perpetrate further abuses; ‘‘(E) the anticipated implementation timeline for the activity; and ‘‘(F) the plans to sustain any military or security equipment provided beyond the completion date of such activity, if applicable, and the estimated cost and source of funds to support such sustainment. ‘‘(4) EXCEPTION.—The requirement under paragraph (1) does not apply to activities conducted by the De- partment of Defense pursuant to title 10, United States Code. ‘‘(c) INTERNATIONAL COORDINATION.—Efforts carried out under this section— ‘‘(1) shall take into account partner country counterterrorism, counter-extremism, and develop- ment strategies; ‘‘(2) shall be aligned with such strategies, to the ex- tent practicable; and ‘‘(3) shall be coordinated with counterterrorism and counter-extremism activities and programs in the areas of defense, diplomacy, and development carried out by other like-minded donors and international or- ganizations in the relevant country. ‘‘(d) STRATEGIES.— ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Mar. 15, 2022], the President and other relevant Federal Government agencies, shall submit the strategies described in paragraphs (2) and (3) to the appropriate congres- sional committees. ‘‘(2) COMPREHENSIVE, 5-YEAR STRATEGY FOR THE SAHEL-MAGHREB.—The President shall develop a com- prehensive, 5-year strategy for the Sahel-Maghreb, including details related to interagency efforts con- ducted pursuant to the Program in the areas of secu- rity, diplomacy, and development to advance the na- tional security, economic, and humanitarian inter- ests of the United States, including— ‘‘(A) efforts to ensure coordination with multilat- eral and bilateral partners, such as the Joint Force of the Group of Five of the Sahel, and with other relevant assistance frameworks; ‘‘(B) a public diplomacy strategy and actions to ensure that populations in the Sahel-Maghreb are aware of the development activities of the United States Government, especially in countries with a significant United States Government presence or engagement through train and equip programs; ‘‘(C) activities aimed at supporting democratic institutions and countering violent extremism with measurable goals and transparent benchmarks; Page 548 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151 ‘‘(D) plans to help each partner country address humanitarian and development needs and to help prevent, respond to, and mitigate intercommunal violence; ‘‘(E) a comprehensive plan to support security sector reform in each partner country that includes a detailed section on programs and activities being undertaken by relevant stakeholders and other international actors operating in the sector; and ‘‘(F) a specific strategy for Mali that includes plans for sustained, high-level diplomatic engage- ment with stakeholders, including countries in Eu- rope and the Middle East with interests in the Sahel-Maghreb, regional governments, relevant multilateral organizations, signatory groups of the Agreement for Peace and Reconciliation in Mali, done in Algiers July 24, 2014, and civil society ac- tors. ‘‘(3) COMPREHENSIVE 5-YEAR STRATEGY FOR PROGRAM COUNTERTERRORISM EFFORTS.—The President shall de- velop a comprehensive 5-year strategy for the Pro- gram that includes— ‘‘(A) a clear statement of the objectives of United States counterterrorism efforts in North Africa and West Africa with respect to the use of assistance to combat terrorism and counter violent extremism, including efforts— ‘‘(i) to build military and civilian law enforce- ment capacity; ‘‘(ii) to strengthen the rule of law; ‘‘(iii) to promote responsive and accountable governance; and ‘‘(iv) to address the root causes of terrorism and violent extremism; ‘‘(B) a plan for coordinating programs through the Program pursuant to subsection (b)(1), includ- ing identifying the agency or bureau of the Depart- ment of State, as applicable, that will be respon- sible for leading and coordinating each such pro- gram; ‘‘(C) a plan to monitor, evaluate, and share data and learning about the Program in accordance with monitoring and evaluation provisions under sec- tions 3 and 4 of the Foreign Aid Transparency and Accountability Act of 2016 (22 U.S.C. 2394c note and 2394c); and ‘‘(D) a plan for ensuring coordination and compli- ance with related requirements in United States law, including the Global Fragility Act of 2019 (22 U.S.C. 9801 et seq.). ‘‘(4) CONSULTATION.—Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary of State shall consult with the appropriate congres- sional committees regarding the progress made to- wards developing the strategies required under para- graphs (2) and (3). ‘‘(e) SUPPORTING MATERIAL IN ANNUAL BUDGET RE- QUEST.— ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of State shall in- clude a description of the requirements, activities, and planned allocation of amounts requested by the Program in the budget materials submitted to Con- gress in support of the President’s annual budget re- quest pursuant to section 1105 of title 31, United States Code, for each fiscal year beginning after the date of the enactment of this Act [Mar. 15, 2022] and annually thereafter for the following 5 years. ‘‘(2) EXCEPTION.—The requirement under paragraph (1) shall not apply to activities of the Department of Defense conducted pursuant to authorities under title 10, United States Code. ‘‘(f) MONITORING AND EVALUATION OF PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIES.—Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act [Mar. 15, 2022], and annually thereafter for the following 5 years, the President shall submit a report to the appropriate congressional com- mittees that describes— ‘‘(1) the progress made in meeting the objectives of the strategies required under paragraphs (2) and (3) of subsection (d), including any lessons learned in car- rying out Program activities and any recommenda- tions for improving such programs and activities; ‘‘(2) the efforts taken to coordinate, de-conflict, and streamline Program activities to maximize resource effectiveness; ‘‘(3) the extent to which each partner country has demonstrated the ability to absorb the equipment or training provided in the previous year under the Pro- gram, and as applicable, the ability to maintain and appropriately utilize such equipment; ‘‘(4) the extent to which each partner country is in- vesting its own resources to advance the goals de- scribed in subsection (b)(1) or is demonstrating a commitment and willingness to cooperate with the United States to advance such goals; ‘‘(5) the actions taken by the government of each partner country receiving assistance under the Pro- gram to combat corruption, improve transparency and accountability, and promote other forms of democratic governance; ‘‘(6) the extent to which state security forces in each partner country have been implicated in gross violations of human rights during the reporting pe- riod, including how such gross violations of human rights have been addressed and or will be addressed through Program activities; ‘‘(7) the assistance provided in each of the 3 pre- ceding fiscal years under the Program, broken down by partner country, including the type, statutory au- thorization, and purpose of assistance provided to the country; and ‘‘(8) any changes or updates to the Comprehensive 5-Year Strategy for the Program required under sub- section (d)(3) necessitated by the findings in this an- nual report. ‘‘(g) REPORTING REQUIREMENT RELATED TO AUDIT OF BUREAU OF AFRICAN AFFAIRS MONITORING AND COORDI- NATION OF THE TRANS-SAHARA COUNTERTERRORISM PART- NERSHIP PROGRAM.—Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Mar. 15, 2022], and every 120 days thereafter until the earlier of the date on which all 13 recommendations in the September 2020 Department of State Office of Inspector General audit entitled ‘Audit of the Department of State Bureau of African Affairs Monitoring and Coordination of the Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Partnership Program’ (AUD–MERO–20–42) are closed or the date that is 3 years after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary of State shall submit a report to the appro- priate congressional committees that identifies— ‘‘(1) which of the 13 recommendations in AUD–MERO–20–42 have not been closed; ‘‘(2) a description of progress made since the last re- port toward closing each recommendation identified under paragraph (1); ‘‘(3) additional resources needed, including assess- ment of staffing capacity, if any, to complete action required to close each recommendation identified under paragraph (1); and ‘‘(4) the anticipated timeline for completion of ac- tion required to close each recommendation identi- fied under paragraph (1), including application of all recommendations into all existing security assist- ance programs managed by the Department of State under the Program. ‘‘(h) PROGRAM ADMINISTRATION.—Not later than 120 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Mar. 15, 2022], the Secretary of State shall submit a report to Congress that describes plans for conducting a written review of a representative sample of each of the secu- rity assistance programs administered by the Bureau of African Affairs that— ‘‘(1) identifies potential waste, fraud, abuse, ineffi- ciencies, or deficiencies; and ‘‘(2) includes an analysis of staff capacity, including human resource needs, available resources, proce- dural guidance, and monitoring and evaluation proc- esses to ensure that the Bureau of African Affairs is managing programs efficiently and effectively. ‘‘(i) FORM.—The strategies required under para- graphs (2) and (3) of subsection (d) and the report Page 549 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151 required under subsection (f) shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may include a classified annex. ‘‘SEC. 105. RULE OF CONSTRUCTION. ‘‘Nothing in this division may be construed as au- thorizing the use of military force.’’ [Functions and authorities of President under section 104(b) of div. AA of Pub. L. 117–103, set out above, with respect to the Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Partner- ship Program; section 104(d), with respect to the com- prehensive 5-year strategies for the Sahel-Maghreb and the Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Partnership Pro- gram counterterrorism efforts; and section 104(f), with respect to submitting the reports, delegated to Sec- retary of State by Memorandum of President of the United States, Aug. 12, 2022, 87 F.R. 51235.] JOINT COOPERATIVE PROGRAM RELATED TO INNOVATION AND HIGH-TECH FOR THE MIDDLE EAST REGION Pub. L. 116–283, div. A, title XII, § 1279, Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 3981, provided that: ‘‘(a) SENSE OF CONGRESS.—It is the sense of Congress that— ‘‘(1) the United States should help foster coopera- tion in the Middle East region by financing and, as appropriate, cooperating in projects related to inno- vation and advanced technologies; and ‘‘(2) projects referred to in paragraph (1) should— ‘‘(A) contribute to development and the quality of life in the Middle East region through the applica- tion of research and advanced technology; and ‘‘(B) contribute to Arab-Israeli cooperation by es- tablishing strong working relationships that last beyond the life of such projects. ‘‘(b) ESTABLISHMENT.—The Secretary of State, acting through the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, is authorized to seek to establish a program between the United States and ap- propriate regional partners to provide for cooperation in the Middle East region by supporting projects re- lated to innovation and advanced technologies. ‘‘(c) PROJECT REQUIREMENTS.—Each project carried out under the program established pursuant to sub- section (b)— ‘‘(1) shall include the participation of at least one entity from Israel and one entity from another re- gional partner; and ‘‘(2) shall be conducted in a manner that appro- priately protects sensitive information, intellectual property, the national security interests of the United States, and the national security interests of Israel.’’ STATEMENT OF POLICY RELATING TO THE CONFLICT IN YEMEN Pub. L. 117–81, div. A, title XIII, § 1340(a), Dec. 27, 2021, 135 Stat. 2016, provided that:‘‘It is the policy of the United States— ‘‘(1) to continue to support and further efforts to bring an end to the conflict in Yemen; ‘‘(2) to support efforts so that United States defense articles and services are not used for military oper- ations resulting in civilian casualties; and ‘‘(3) to work with allies and partners to address the ongoing humanitarian needs of Yemeni civilians.’’ Pub. L. 116–283, div. A, title XII, § 1295(a), Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 3994, provided that: ‘‘It is the policy of the United States— ‘‘(1) to protect United States citizens and strategic interests in the Middle East region; ‘‘(2) to support United Nations-led efforts to end vi- olence in Yemen and secure a comprehensive political settlement to the conflict in Yemen that results in protection of civilians and civilian infrastructure and alleviates the humanitarian crisis including by facili- tating unfettered access for all Yemenis to food, fuel, and medicine; ‘‘(3) to encourage all parties to the conflict in Yemen to participate in good faith in the United Na- tions-led process and to uphold interim agreements as part of that process to end the conflict, leading to reconstruction in Yemen; ‘‘(4) to support United States allies and partners in defending their borders and territories in order to maintain stability and security in the Middle East re- gion and encourage burden sharing among such allies and partners; ‘‘(5) to assist United States allies and partners in countering destabilization of the Middle East region; ‘‘(6) to oppose Iranian arms transfers in violation of United Nations Security Council resolutions, includ- ing transfers to the Houthis; ‘‘(7) to encourage the Government of Saudi Arabia and the Government of the United Arab Emirates to assist significantly in the economic stabilization and eventual reconstruction of Yemen; and ‘‘(8) to encourage all parties to the conflict to com- ply with the law of armed conflict, including to inves- tigate credible allegations of war crimes and provide redress to civilian victims.’’ ENDING NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES Pub. L. 116–94, div. J, title III, Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 3055, provided that: ‘‘SEC. 301. SHORT TITLE. ‘‘This title may be cited as the ‘End Neglected Trop- ical Diseases Act’. ‘‘SEC. 302. STATEMENT OF POLICY. ‘‘It is the policy of the United States to support a broad range of implementation and research and devel- opment activities that work toward the achievement of cost-effective and sustainable treatment, control, and, where possible, elimination of neglected tropical dis- eases for the economic and social well-being of all peo- ple. ‘‘SEC. 303. DEFINITION. ‘‘In this title, the terms ‘neglected tropical diseases’ and ‘NTDs’— ‘‘(1) mean infections caused by pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and helminths that dis- proportionately impact individuals living in extreme poverty, especially in developing countries; and ‘‘(2) include— ‘‘(A) Buruli ulcer (Mycobacterium Ulcerans infec- tion); ‘‘(B) Chagas disease; ‘‘(C) dengue or severe dengue fever; ‘‘(D) dracunculiasis (Guinea worm disease); ‘‘(E) echinococcosis; ‘‘(F) foodborne trematodiases; ‘‘(G) human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness); ‘‘(H) leishmaniasis; ‘‘(I) leprosy; ‘‘(J) lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis); ‘‘(K) onchocerciasis (river blindness); ‘‘(L) scabies; ‘‘(M) schistosomiasis; ‘‘(N) soil-transmitted helminthiases (STH) (roundworm, whipworm, and hookworm); ‘‘(O) taeniasis/cysticercosis; ‘‘(P) trachoma; and ‘‘(Q) yaws (endemic treponematoses). ‘‘SEC. 304. EXPANSION OF UNITED STATES AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT NE- GLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES PROGRAM. ‘‘(a) SENSE OF CONGRESS.—It is the sense of Congress that the Neglected Tropical Diseases Program, as in ef- fect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 20, 2019], should— ‘‘(1) provide integrated drug treatment packages to as many individuals suffering from NTDs or at risk of acquiring NTDs, including individuals displaced by manmade and natural disasters, as logistically fea- sible; ‘‘(2) better integrate NTD control and treatment tools and approaches into complementary develop- Page 550 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151 ment and global health programs by coordinating, to the extent practicable and appropriate, across mul- tiple sectors, including those relating to HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, education, nutrition, other in- fectious diseases, maternal and child health, and water, sanitation, and hygiene; ‘‘(3) establish low-cost, high-impact community- and school-based NTD programs to reach large at- risk populations, including school-age children, with integrated drug treatment packages, as feasible; ‘‘(4) as opportunities emerge and resources allow, engage in research and development of new tools and approaches to reach the goals relating to the elimi- nation of NTDs as set forth by the 2012 World Health Organization publication ‘Accelerating Work to Over- come the Global Impact of Neglected Tropical Dis- eases: A Roadmap for Implementation’, including for Chagas disease, Guinea worm, human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), leprosy, and vis- ceral leishmaniasis; and ‘‘(5) monitor research on and developments in the prevention and treatment of other NTDs so break- throughs can be incorporated into the Neglected Tropical Diseases Program, as practicable and appro- priate. ‘‘(b) PROGRAM PRIORITIES.—The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development (referred to in this section as the ‘Administrator’) should incorporate the following priorities into the Ne- glected Tropical Diseases Program (as in effect on the date of the enactment of this Act): ‘‘(1) Planning for and conducting robust monitoring and evaluation of program investments in order to accurately measure impact, identify and share les- sons learned, and inform future NTD control and elimination strategies. ‘‘(2) Coordinating program activities with com- plementary development and global health programs of the United States Agency for International Devel- opment, including programs relating to water, sani- tation, and hygiene, food and nutrition security, and education (both primary and secondary), in order to advance the goals of the London Declaration on Ne- glected Tropical Diseases (2012). ‘‘(3) Including morbidity management in treatment plans for high-burden NTDs. ‘‘(4) Incorporating NTDs included in the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 into the program as op- portunities emerge, to the extent practicable and ap- propriate. ‘‘(5) Continuing investments in the research and de- velopment of new tools and approaches that com- plement existing research investments and ensure that new discoveries make it through the pipeline and become available to individuals who need them most. ‘‘SEC. 305. ACTIONS BY DEPARTMENT OF STATE. ‘‘(a) OFFICE OF THE GLOBAL AIDS COORDINATOR.—It is the sense of Congress that the Coordinator of United States Government Activities to Combat HIV/AIDS Globally should fully consider evolving research on the impact of NTDs on efforts to control HIV/AIDS when making future programming decisions, as necessary and appropriate. ‘‘(b) GLOBAL PROGRAMMING.— ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of State should en- courage the Global Fund to take into consideration evolving research on the impact of NTDs on efforts to control HIV/AIDS when making programming deci- sions, particularly with regard to female genital schistosomiasis, which studies suggest may be one of the most significant cofactors in the AIDS epidemic in Africa, as necessary and appropriate. ‘‘(2) GLOBAL FUND.—In this subsection, the term ‘Global Fund’ means the public-private partnership known as the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuber- culosis and Malaria established pursuant to Article 80 of the Swiss Civil Code. ‘‘(c) G–20 COUNTRIES.—The Secretary of State, acting through the Office of Global Health Diplomacy, should encourage G–20 countries to significantly increase their role in the control and elimination of NTDs. ‘‘SEC. 306. MULTILATERAL DEVELOPMENT AND HEALTH INSTITUTIONS. ‘‘(a) FINDING.—Congress finds that the treatment of NTDs, including community- and school-based deworming programs, can be a highly cost-effective intervention, and schools can serve as an effective de- livery mechanism for reaching large numbers of chil- dren with safe treatment for soil-transmitted helminthiases (roundworm, whipworm, and hookworm) in particular. ‘‘(b) UNITED NATIONS.—The President should direct the United States Permanent Representative to the United Nations to use the voice, vote, and influence of the United States to urge the World Health Organiza- tion and the United Nations Development Programme to— ‘‘(1) ensure the dissemination of best practices and programming on NTDs to governments and make data accessible to practitioners in an open and timely fashion; ‘‘(2) highlight impacts of community- and school- based deworming programs on children’s health and education, emphasizing the cost-effectiveness of such programs; ‘‘(3) encourage governments to implement deworming campaigns at the national level; ‘‘(4) consider the designation of a portion of grant funds of the institutions to deworming initiatives and cross-sectoral collaboration with water, sanitation, and hygiene efforts and nutrition or education pro- gramming, as practicable and appropriate; ‘‘(5) encourage accurate monitoring and evaluation of NTD programs, including deworming programs; and ‘‘(6) engage governments in cross-border initiatives for the treatment, control, prevention, and elimi- nation of NTDs, and assist in developing transnational agreements, when and where necessary. ‘‘SEC. 307. RULE OF CONSTRUCTION. ‘‘Nothing in this title may be construed to increase authorizations of appropriations for the United States Agency for International Development.’’ REFERENCES TO TROPICAL FOREST CONSERVATION ACT OF 1998 Pub. L. 115–440, § 2(b), Jan. 14, 2019, 132 Stat. 5580, pro- vided that: ‘‘Any reference in any other provision of law, regulation, document, paper, or other record of the United States to the ‘Tropical Forest Conservation Act of 1998’ shall be deemed to be a reference to the ‘Trop- ical Forest and Coral Reef Conservation Act of 1998’.’’ UNITED STATES–CARIBBEAN STRATEGIC ENGAGEMENT Pub. L. 114–291, Dec. 16, 2016, 130 Stat. 1497, provided that: ‘‘SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. ‘‘This Act may be cited as the ‘United States–Caribbean Strategic Engagement Act of 2016’. ‘‘SEC. 2. STATEMENT OF POLICY. ‘‘Congress declares that it is the policy of the United States to increase engagement with the governments of the Caribbean region and with civil society, including the private sector, in both the United States and the Caribbean, in a concerted effort to— ‘‘(1) enhance diplomatic relations between the United States and the Caribbean region; ‘‘(2) increase economic cooperation between the United States and the Caribbean region; ‘‘(3) support regional economic, political, and secu- rity integration efforts in the Caribbean region; ‘‘(4) encourage enduring economic development and increased regional economic diversification and glob- al competitiveness; ‘‘(5) reduce levels of crime and violence, curb the trafficking of illicit drugs, strengthen the rule of law, and improve citizen security; Page 551 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151 ‘‘(6) improve energy security by increasing access to diverse, reliable, and affordable power; ‘‘(7) advance cooperation on democracy and human rights at multilateral fora; ‘‘(8) continue support for public health advances and cooperation on health concerns and threats to the Caribbean region; and ‘‘(9) expand Internet access throughout the region, especially to countries lacking the appropriate infra- structure. ‘‘SEC. 3. STRATEGY. ‘‘Not later than 180 days after the date of the enact- ment of this Act [Dec. 16, 2016], the Secretary of State, in coordination with the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), shall submit to the appropriate congressional commit- tees a multi-year strategy for United States engage- ment to support the efforts of interested nations in the Caribbean region that— ‘‘(1) identifies Department of State and USAID pri- orities, in coordination with other executive branch agencies, for United States policy towards the Carib- bean region; ‘‘(2) outlines an approach to partner with govern- ments of the Caribbean region to improve citizen se- curity, reduce the trafficking of illicit drugs, strengthen the rule of law, and improve the effective- ness and longevity of the Caribbean Basin Security Initiative; ‘‘(3) establishes a comprehensive, integrated, multi- year strategy to encourage efforts of the Caribbean region to implement regional and national strategies that improve energy security, by increasing access to all available sources of energy, including by taking advantage of the indigenous energy sources of the Caribbean and the ongoing energy revolution in the United States; ‘‘(4) outlines an approach to improve diplomatic en- gagement with the governments of the Caribbean re- gion, including with respect to human rights and de- mocracy; ‘‘(5) Describes [sic] how the United States can de- velop an approach to supporting Caribbean countries in efforts they are willing to undertake with their own resources to diversify their economies; ‘‘(6) describes ways to ensure the active participa- tion of citizens of the Caribbean in existing program[s] and initiatives administered by the De- partment of State’s Bureau of Educational and Cul- tural Affairs; and ‘‘(7) reflects the input of other executive branch agencies, as appropriate. ‘‘SEC. 4. BRIEFINGS. ‘‘The Secretary of State shall offer to the appropriate congressional committees annual briefings that review Department of State efforts to implement the strategy for United States engagement with the Caribbean re- gion in accordance with section 3. ‘‘SEC. 5. PROGRESS REPORT. ‘‘Not later than 2 years after the submission of the strategy required under section 3, the President shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report on progress made toward implementing the strategy. ‘‘SEC. 6. REPORTING COST OFFSET. [Amended section 4001 of this title.] ‘‘SEC. 7. DEFINITIONS. ‘‘In this Act: ‘‘(1) APPROPRIATE CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEES.—The term ‘appropriate congressional committees’ means the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Rela- tions of the Senate. ‘‘(2) CARIBBEAN REGION.—The term ‘Caribbean re- gion’ means the Caribbean Basin Security Initiative beneficiary countries. ‘‘(3) SECURITY ASSISTANCE.—The term ‘security as- sistance’ has the meaning given such term in section 502B(d)(2) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2304(d)(2)).’’ SUPPORT TO CERTAIN GOVERNMENTS FOR BORDER SECURITY OPERATIONS Pub. L. 114–92, div. A, title XII, § 1226, Nov. 25, 2015, 129 Stat. 1056, as amended by Pub. L. 114–328, div. A, title XII, § 1294, Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2561; Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title XII, § 1279F, Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1704; Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title XII, § 1213, Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 2025; Pub. L. 116–283, div. A, title XII, § 1210, Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 3915; Pub. L. 117–263, div. A, title XII, § 1207, Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 2831; Pub. L. 118–31, div. A, title XII, § 1207, Dec. 22, 2023, 137 Stat. 448, provided that: ‘‘(a) AUTHORITY TO PROVIDE SUPPORT.— ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of Defense, with the concurrence of the Secretary of State, is author- ized to provide support on a reimbursement basis as follows: ‘‘(A) To the Government of Jordan for purposes of supporting and enhancing efforts of the armed forces of Jordan to increase security and sustain in- creased security along the border of Jordan with Syria and Iraq. ‘‘(B) To the Government of Lebanon for purposes of supporting and enhancing efforts of the armed forces of Lebanon to increase security and sustain increased security along the border of Lebanon with Syria. ‘‘(C) To the Government of Egypt for purposes of supporting and enhancing efforts of the armed forces of Egypt to increase security and sustain in- creased security along the border of Egypt with Libya. ‘‘(D) To the Government of Tunisia for purposes of supporting and enhancing efforts of the armed forces of Tunisia to increase security and sustain increased security along the border of Tunisia with Libya. ‘‘(E) To the Government of Oman for purposes of supporting and enhancing efforts of the armed forces of Oman to increase security and sustain in- creased security along the border of Oman with Yemen. ‘‘(F) To the Government of Pakistan for purposes of supporting and enhancing efforts of the armed forces of Pakistan to increase security and sustain increased security along the border of Pakistan with Afghanistan. ‘‘(G) To the Government of Tajikistan for pur- poses of supporting and enhancing efforts of the armed forces of Tajikistan to increase security and sustain increased security along the border of Tajikistan and Afghanistan. ‘‘(H) To the Government of Uzbekistan for pur- poses of supporting and enhancing efforts of the armed forces of Uzbekistan to increase security and sustain increased security along the border of Uzbekistan and Afghanistan. ‘‘(I) To the Government of Turkmenistan for pur- poses of supporting and enhancing efforts of the armed forces of Turkmenistan to increase security and sustain increased security along the border of Turkmenistan and Afghanistan. ‘‘(2) FREQUENCY.—Support may be provided under this subsection on a quarterly basis. ‘‘(b) FUNDS AVAILABLE FOR SUPPORT.—Amounts to provide support under the authority of subsection (a) may be derived only from amounts authorized to be ap- propriated and available for operation and mainte- nance, Defense-wide. ‘‘(c) LIMITATIONS.— ‘‘(1) LIMITATION ON AMOUNT.—The total amount of support provided under the authority of subsection (a) may not exceed $150,000,000 for any country speci- fied in subsection (a) in any fiscal year. ‘‘(2) SUPPORT TO THE GOVERNMENT OF LEBANON.— Support provided under the authority of subsection (a) to the Government of Lebanon may be used only Page 552 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151 for the armed forces of Lebanon, and may not be used for or to reimburse Hezbollah or any forces other than the armed forces of Lebanon. ‘‘(3) PROHIBITION ON CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS.— The Secretary of Defense may not enter into any con- tractual obligation to provide support under the au- thority of subsection (a). ‘‘(4) DETERMINATION REQUIRED.—The Secretary of Defense may not provide support to a country speci- fied in subsection (a) if the Secretary determines that the government of such country fails to increase se- curity and sustain increased security along the bor- der of the country as specified in subsection (a)(1). ‘‘(d) NOTICE AND CERTIFICATION BEFORE EXERCISE.— Not later than 15 days before providing support under the authority of subsection (a) to a country that has not previously received such support, the Secretary of Defense, in consultation with the Secretary of State, shall submit to the specified congressional committees a report that— ‘‘(1) sets forth a full description of the support to be provided, including— ‘‘(A) the purpose of such support; ‘‘(B) the amount of support to be provided; and ‘‘(C) the anticipated duration of the provision of such support; and ‘‘(2) includes a certification that— ‘‘(A) the recipient country has taken demon- strable steps to increase security along the border specified for such country in subsection (a); and ‘‘(B) the provision of such support is in the inter- est of United States national security. ‘‘(e) LIMITATION ON REIMBURSEMENT OF PAKISTAN PENDING CERTIFICATION.—No amount of reimbursement support under subsection (a)(1)(F) is authorized to be disbursed to the Government of Pakistan unless the Secretary of Defense certifies to the congressional de- fense committees [Committees on Armed Services and Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Rep- resentatives] that the following conditions are met: ‘‘(1) The military and security operations of Paki- stan pertaining to border security and ancillary ac- tivities for which reimbursement is sought have been coordinated with United States military representa- tives in advance of the execution of such operations and activities. ‘‘(2) The goals and desired outcomes of each such operation or activity have been established and agreed upon in advance by the United States and Pakistan. ‘‘(3) A process exists to verify the achievement of the goals and desired outcomes established in accord- ance with paragraph (2). ‘‘(f) QUARTERLY REPORTS.—Not later than 30 days after the end of each fiscal quarter, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to the specified congressional committees a report on reimbursements pursuant to subsection (a) during the preceding fiscal quarter that includes— ‘‘(1) an identification of each country reimbursed; ‘‘(2) the date of each reimbursement; ‘‘(3) a description of any partner nation border se- curity efforts for which reimbursement was provided; ‘‘(4) an assessment of the value of partner nation border security efforts for which reimbursement was provided; ‘‘(5) the total amounts of reimbursement provided to each partner nation in the preceding four fiscal quarters; and ‘‘(6) such other matters as the Secretary considers appropriate. ‘‘(g) SPECIFIED CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEES.—In the section, the term ‘specified congressional committees’ means— ‘‘(1) the congressional defense committees; and ‘‘(2) the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives. ‘‘(h) EXPIRATION OF AUTHORITY.—No support may be provided under the authority of subsection (a) after De- cember 31, 2025.’’ GIRLS COUNT Pub. L. 114–24, June 12, 2015, 129 Stat. 314, established the Girls Count Act of 2015, which stated the policy of the United States regarding birth certifications and registries and authorized Secretary of State and Ad- ministrator of the United States Agency for Inter- national Development to provide assistance to support counting of girls in the developing world, and provided that the Act would expire five years after June 12, 2015. MILITARY-TO-MILITARY ENGAGEMENT WITH THE GOVERNMENT OF BURMA Pub. L. 113–291, div. A, title XII, § 1253, Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3571, provided that: ‘‘(a) AUTHORIZATION.—The Department of Defense is authorized to provide the Government of Burma the following: ‘‘(1) Consultation, education, and training on human rights, the laws of armed conflict, civilian control of the military, rule of law, and other legal matters. ‘‘(2) Consultation, education, and training on English-language, humanitarian and disaster relief, and improvements to medical and health standards. ‘‘(3) Courses or workshops on defense institution re- form. ‘‘(4) Observer status to bilateral or multilateral hu- manitarian assistance and disaster relief exercises. ‘‘(5) Aid or support in the event of a humanitarian crisis or natural disaster. ‘‘(b) ANNUAL REPORTS.— ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 19, 2014], and each March 1 thereafter, the Secretary of Defense shall, in consultation with the Secretary of State, submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a report on military-to-military engagement between the United States Armed Forces and the Burmese military. ‘‘(2) ELEMENTS.—Each report under paragraph (1) shall include the following: ‘‘(A) A description of the military-to-military ac- tivities between the United States and Burma, and how engagement with the Burmese military sup- ports the United States national security strategy and promotes reform in Burma. ‘‘(B) A description of the objectives of the United States for developing the military-to-military rela- tionship with the Burmese military, how the United States measures progress toward such objec- tives, and the implications of failing to achieve such objectives. ‘‘(C) A description and assessment of the polit- ical, military, economic, and civil society reforms being undertaken by the Government of Burma, in- cluding those affecting— ‘‘(i) individual freedoms and human rights of the Burmese people, including those of ethnic and religious minorities and internally displaced pop- ulations; ‘‘(ii) the peaceful settlement of armed conflicts between the Government of Burma and ethnic mi- nority groups in Burma; ‘‘(iii) civilian control of the armed forces; ‘‘(iv) constitutional and electoral reforms; ‘‘(v) access for the purposes of human rights monitoring and humanitarian assistance to all areas in Burma, and cooperation with civilian au- thorities to investigate and resolve cases of human rights violations; ‘‘(vi) governmental transparency and account- ability; and ‘‘(vii) respect for the laws of armed conflict and human rights, including with respect to child sol- diers. ‘‘(D) A description and assessment of relation- ships of the Government of Burma with unlawful or sanctioned entities. ‘‘(3) FORM.—Each report under this subsection shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may include a classified annex. Page 553 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151 ‘‘(4) SUNSET.—The requirement to submit addi- tional reports under this subsection shall terminate at the end of the 5-year period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 19, 2014]. ‘‘(c) RULE OF CONSTRUCTION.—No Department of De- fense assistance to the Government of Burma is author- ized by this Act [Pub. L. 113–291, see Tables for classi- fication] except as provided in this section. ‘‘(d) APPROPRIATE COMMITTEES OF CONGRESS DE- FINED.—In this section, the term ‘appropriate commit- tees of Congress’ means— ‘‘(1) the Committee on Armed Services, the Com- mittee on Foreign Relations, and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate; and ‘‘(2) the Committee on Armed Services, the Com- mittee on Foreign Affairs, and the Committee on Ap- propriations of the House of Representatives.’’ ASSESSING PROGRESS IN HAITI Pub. L. 113–162, Aug. 8, 2014, 128 Stat. 1858, known as the Assessing Progress in Haiti Act of 2014, was re- pealed by Pub. L. 117–103, div. V, § 109, Mar. 15, 2022, 136 Stat. 840. UNITED STATES SECURITY AND ASSISTANCE STRATEGIES IN AFRICA Pub. L. 113–66, div. A, title XII, § 1206, Dec. 26, 2013, 127 Stat. 899, required (1) the Secretary of Defense, in co- ordination with the Secretary of State, to develop a strategic framework for United States counterterrorism assistance and cooperation in the Sahel and Maghreb regions of Africa, and submit a re- port to Congress not later than 180 days after Dec. 26, 2013; (2) the President to submit a strategy to support consolidation of security and governance gains in So- malia to Congress not later than 180 days after Dec. 26, 2013; (3) the Director of National Intelligence to submit a classified intelligence assessment of al-Shabaab to Congress not later than 90 days after Dec. 26, 2013; and (4) the President to designate a Government official for Africa export policy not later than 60 days after Dec. 26, 2013, and for the following three years, designate an existing senior United States Government official with existing interagency authority for export policy for Af- rica to coordinate among various United States Gov- ernment agencies existing export strategies with the goal of significantly increasing United States exports to Africa in real dollar value. ASSISTANCE TO THE GOVERNMENT OF JORDAN FOR BORDER SECURITY OPERATIONS Pub. L. 113–66, div. A, title XII, § 1207, Dec. 26, 2013, 127 Stat. 902, provided for assistance to the Government of Jordan for border security operations, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 114–328, div. A, title XII, § 1241(d)(5)(B)(ii), Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2504, effective 270 days after Dec. 23, 2016. SUPPORT OF FOREIGN FORCES PARTICIPATING IN OPERATIONS TO DISARM THE LORD’S RESISTANCE ARMY Pub. L. 113–66, div. A, title XII, § 1208(a)–(f), Dec. 26, 2013, 127 Stat. 903, 904, provided for support of foreign forces participating in operations to disarm the Lord’s Resistance Army and expired on Sept. 30, 2017. REPORTS ON RESPONSIBILITY WITHIN DEPARTMENT OF STATE AND THE UNITED STATES AGENCY FOR INTER- NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT FOR CONTRACT SUPPORT FOR OVERSEAS CONTINGENCY OPERATIONS Pub. L. 112–239, div. A, title VIII, § 850, Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 1854, provided that: ‘‘(a) DOS AND USAID REPORTS REQUIRED.—Not later than six months after the date of the enactment of this Act [Jan. 2, 2013], the Secretary of State and the Ad- ministrator of the United States Agency for Inter- national Development shall, in consultation with the Chief Acquisition Officer of the Department of State and the Chief Acquisition Officer of the United States Agency for International Development, respectively, each submit to the appropriate committees of Congress an assessment of Department of State and United States Agency for International Development policies governing contract support in overseas contingency op- erations. ‘‘(b) ELEMENTS.—Each report under subsection (a) shall include the following: ‘‘(1) A description and assessment of the roles and responsibilities of the officials, offices, and compo- nents of the Department of State or the United States Agency for International Development, as ap- plicable, within the chain of authority and responsi- bility for policy, planning, and execution of contract support for overseas contingency operations. ‘‘(2) Procedures and processes of the Department or Agency, as applicable, on the following in connection with contract support for overseas contingency oper- ations: ‘‘(A) Collection, inventory, and reporting of data. ‘‘(B) Acquisition planning. ‘‘(C) Solicitation and award of contracts. ‘‘(D) Requirements development and manage- ment. ‘‘(E) Contract tracking and oversight. ‘‘(F) Performance evaluations. ‘‘(G) Risk management. ‘‘(H) Interagency coordination and transition planning. ‘‘(3) Strategies and improvements necessary for the Department or the Agency, as applicable, to address reliance on contractors, workforce planning, and the recruitment and training of acquisition workforce personnel, including the anticipated number of per- sonnel needed to perform acquisition management and oversight functions and plans for achieving per- sonnel staffing goals, in connection with overseas contingency operations. ‘‘(c) COMPTROLLER GENERAL REPORT.—Not later than one year after the date of the enactment of this Act [Jan. 2, 2013], the Comptroller General of the United States shall submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a report on the progress of the efforts of the Department of State and the United States Agency for International Development in implementing improve- ments and changes identified under paragraphs (1) through (3) of subsection (b) in the reports required by subsection (a), together with such additional informa- tion as the Comptroller General considers appropriate to further inform such committees on issues relating to the reports required by subsection (a). ‘‘(d) APPROPRIATE COMMITTEES OF CONGRESS DE- FINED.—In this section, the term ‘appropriate commit- tees of Congress’ means— ‘‘(1) the Committee on Foreign Relations, the Com- mittee on Armed Services, the Committee on Home- land Security and Governmental Affairs, and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate; and ‘‘(2) the Committee on Foreign Affairs, the Com- mittee on Armed Services, the Committee on Over- sight and Government Reform [now Committee on Oversight and Accountability], and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives.’’ GLOBAL SECURITY CONTINGENCY FUND Pub. L. 112–81, div. A, title XII, § 1207, Dec. 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 1625, as amended by Pub. L. 113–66, div. A, title XII, § 1202, Dec. 26, 2013, 127 Stat. 893; Pub. L. 113–291, div. A, title XII, § 1201, Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3529; Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title X, § 1051(q)(2), title XII, § 1206, Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1565, 1645; Pub. L. 116–92, div. A, title XII, § 1209, Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 1624, established the Global Security Contingency Fund (the Fund) that would be available to either the Secretary of State or the Secretary of Defense to enhance the capabilities of a country’s national military forces, or other national security forces that conduct border and maritime secu- rity, internal defense, and counterterrorism operations and to carry out rule of law programs and stabilization efforts. Such assistance could include equipment, sup- plies, small-scale construction, and training. The Page 554 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151 amounts in the Fund would remain available until Sept. 30, 2021, except for amounts appropriated or transferred to the Fund for activities under programs commenced before Sept. 30, 2019. LORD’S RESISTANCE ARMY DISARMAMENT AND NORTHERN UGANDA RECOVERY Pub. L. 112–81, div. A, title XII, § 1206, Dec. 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 1624, which related to logistic support, supplies, and services for foreign forces in operations against the Lord’s Resistance Army, was repealed by Pub. L. 113–66, div. A, title XII, § 1208(g), Dec. 26, 2013, 127 Stat. 904. Pub. L. 111–172, May 24, 2010, 124 Stat. 1209, provided that: ‘‘SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. ‘‘This Act may be cited as the ‘Lord’s Resistance Army Disarmament and Northern Uganda Recovery Act of 2009’. ‘‘SEC. 2. FINDINGS. ‘‘Congress makes the following findings: ‘‘(1) For over 2 decades, the Government of Uganda engaged in an armed conflict with the Lord’s Resist- ance Army (LRA) in northern Uganda that led to the internal displacement of more than 2,000,000 Ugan- dans from their homes. ‘‘(2) The members of the Lord’s Resistance Army used brutal tactics in northern Uganda, including mutilating, abducting and forcing individuals into sexual servitude and forcing a large number of chil- dren and youth in Uganda, estimated by the Survey for War Affected Youth to be over 66,000, to fight as part of the rebel force. ‘‘(3) The Secretary of State has placed the Lord’s Resistance Army on the Terrorist Exclusion list pur- suant to section 212(a)(3) of the Immigration and Na- tionality Act (8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(3)), and LRA leader Jo- seph Kony has been designated a ‘specially designated global terrorist’ pursuant to Executive Order 13224 [listed in a table under section 1701 of Title 50, War and National Defense]. ‘‘(4) In late 2005, according to the United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, the Lord’s Resistance Army shifted their primary base of operations from southern Sudan to northeastern Democratic Republic of Congo, and the rebels have since withdrawn from northern Uganda. ‘‘(5) Representatives of the Government of Uganda and the Lord’s Resistance Army began peace negotia- tions in 2006, mediated by the Government of South- ern Sudan in Juba, Sudan, and signed the Cessation of Hostilities Agreement on August 20, 2006, which provided for hundreds of thousands of internally dis- placed people to return home in safety. ‘‘(6) After nearly 2 years of negotiations, represent- atives from the parties reached the Final Peace Agreement in April 2008, but Joseph Kony, the leader of the Lord’s Resistance Army, refused to sign the Final Peace Agreement in May 2008 and his forces launched new attacks in northeastern Congo. ‘‘(7) According to the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Relief and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, the new ac- tivity of the Lord’s Resistance Army in northeastern Congo and southern Sudan since September 2008 has led to the abduction of at least 1,500 civilians, includ- ing hundreds of children, and the displacement of more than 540,000 people. ‘‘(8) In December 2008, the military forces of Ugan- da, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and southern Sudan launched a joint operation against the Lord’s Resistance Army’s bases in northeastern Congo, but the operation failed to apprehend Joseph Kony, and his forces retaliated with a series of new attacks and massacres in Congo and southern Sudan, killing an estimated 900 people in 2 months alone. ‘‘(9) Despite the refusal of Joseph Kony to sign the Final Peace Agreement, the Government of Uganda has committed to continue reconstruction plans for northern Uganda, and to implement those mecha- nisms of the Final Peace Agreement not conditional on the compliance of the Lord’s Resistance Army. ‘‘(10) Since 2008, recovery efforts in northern Ugan- da have moved forward with the financial support of the United States and other donors, but have been hampered by a lack of strategic coordination, logistical delays, and limited leadership from the Government of Uganda. ‘‘SEC. 3. STATEMENT OF POLICY. ‘‘It is the policy of the United States to work with re- gional governments toward a comprehensive and last- ing resolution to the conflict in northern Uganda and other affected areas by— ‘‘(1) providing political, economic, military, and in- telligence support for viable multilateral efforts to protect civilians from the Lord’s Resistance Army, to apprehend or remove Joseph Kony and his top com- manders from the battlefield in the continued ab- sence of a negotiated solution, and to disarm and de- mobilize the remaining Lord’s Resistance Army fighters; ‘‘(2) targeting assistance to respond to the humani- tarian needs of populations in northeastern Congo, southern Sudan, and Central African Republic cur- rently affected by the activity of the Lord’s Resist- ance Army; and ‘‘(3) further supporting and encouraging efforts of the Government of Uganda and civil society to pro- mote comprehensive reconstruction, transitional jus- tice, and reconciliation in northern Uganda as af- firmed in the Northern Uganda Crisis Response Act of 2004 (Public Law 108–283) and subsequent resolutions, including Senate Resolution 366, 109th Congress, agreed to February 2, 2006, Senate Resolution 573, 109th Congress, agreed to September 19, 2006, Senate Concurrent Resolution 16, 110th Congress, agreed to in the Senate March 1, 2007, and House Concurrent Resolution 80, 110th Congress, agreed to in the House of Representatives June 18, 2007. ‘‘SEC. 4. REQUIREMENT OF A STRATEGY TO SUP- PORT THE DISARMAMENT OF THE LORD’S RE- SISTANCE ARMY. ‘‘(a) REQUIREMENT FOR STRATEGY.—Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [May 24, 2010], the President shall develop and submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a strategy to guide future United States support across the region for via- ble multilateral efforts to mitigate and eliminate the threat to civilians and regional stability posed by the Lord’s Resistance Army. ‘‘(b) CONTENT OF STRATEGY.—The strategy shall in- clude the following: ‘‘(1) A plan to help strengthen efforts by the United Nations and regional governments to protect civil- ians from attacks by the Lord’s Resistance Army while supporting the development of institutions in affected areas that can help to maintain the rule of law and prevent conflict in the long term. ‘‘(2) An assessment of viable options through which the United States, working with regional govern- ments, could help develop and support multilateral efforts to eliminate the threat posed by the Lord’s Resistance Army. ‘‘(3) An interagency framework to plan, coordinate, and review diplomatic, economic, intelligence, and military elements of United States policy across the region regarding the Lord’s Resistance Army. ‘‘(4) A description of the type and form of diplo- matic engagement across the region undertaken to coordinate and implement United States policy re- garding the Lord’s Resistance Army and to work multilaterally with regional mechanisms, including the Tripartite Plus Commission and the Great Lakes Pact. ‘‘(5) A description of how this engagement will fit within the context of broader efforts and policy ob- jectives in the Great Lakes Region. ‘‘(c) FORM.—The strategy under this section shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may include a clas- sified annex. Page 555 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151 ‘‘SEC. 5. HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE FOR AREAS OUTSIDE UGANDA AFFECTED BY THE LORD’S RESISTANCE ARMY. ‘‘In accordance with section 491 of the Foreign Assist- ance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2292) and section 2 of the Mi- gration and Refugee Assistance Act of 1962 (22 U.S.C. 2601), the President is authorized to provide additional assistance to the Democratic Republic of Congo, south- ern Sudan, and Central African Republic to respond to the humanitarian needs of populations directly affected by the activity of the Lord’s Resistance Army. ‘‘SEC. 6. ASSISTANCE FOR RECOVERY AND RECON- STRUCTION IN NORTHERN UGANDA. ‘‘(a) AUTHORITY.—It is the sense of Congress that the President should support efforts by the people of north- ern Uganda and the Government of Uganda— ‘‘(1) to assist internally displaced people in transi- tion and returnees to secure durable solutions by spurring economic revitalization, supporting liveli- hoods, helping to alleviate poverty, and advancing ac- cess to basic services at return sites, specifically clean water, health care, and schools; ‘‘(2) to enhance the accountability and administra- tive competency of local governance institutions and public agencies in northern Uganda with regard to budget management, provision of public goods and services, and related oversight functions; ‘‘(3) to strengthen the operational capacity of the civilian police in northern Uganda to enhance public safety, prevent crime, and deal sensitively with gen- der-based violence, while strengthening account- ability measures to prevent corruption and abuses; ‘‘(4) to rebuild and improve the capacity of the jus- tice system in northern Uganda, including the courts and penal systems, with particular sensitivity to the needs and rights of women and children; ‘‘(5) to establish mechanisms for the disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration of former combat- ants and those abducted by the LRA, including voca- tional education and employment opportunities, with attention given to the roles and needs of men, women and children; and ‘‘(6) to promote programs to address psychosocial trauma, particularly post-traumatic stress disorder. ‘‘(b) FUTURE YEAR FUNDING.—It is the sense of Con- gress that the Secretary of State and Administrator of the United States Agency for International Develop- ment should work with the appropriate committees of Congress to increase assistance in future fiscal years to support activities described in this section if the Gov- ernment of Uganda demonstrates a commitment to transparent and accountable reconstruction in war-af- fected areas of northern Uganda, specifically by— ‘‘(1) finalizing the establishment of mechanisms within the Office of the Prime Minister to suffi- ciently manage and coordinate the programs under the framework of the Peace Recovery and Develop- ment Plan for Northern Uganda (PRDP); ‘‘(2) increasing oversight activities and reporting, at the local and national level in Uganda, to ensure funds under the Peace Recovery and Development Plan for Northern Uganda framework are used effi- ciently and with minimal waste; and ‘‘(3) committing substantial funds of its own, above and beyond standard budget allocations to local gov- ernments, to the task of implementing the Peace Re- covery and Development Plan for Northern Uganda such that communities affected by the war can re- cover. ‘‘(c) COORDINATION WITH OTHER DONOR NATIONS.—The United States should work with other donor nations to increase contributions for recovery efforts in northern Uganda and better leverage those contributions to en- hance the capacity and encourage the leadership of the Government of Uganda in promoting transparent and accountable reconstruction in northern Uganda. ‘‘(d) TERMINATION OF ASSISTANCE.—It is the sense of Congress that the Secretary of State should withhold non-humanitarian bilateral assistance to the Republic of Uganda if the Secretary determines that the Govern- ment of Uganda is not committed to reconstruction and reconciliation in the war-affected areas of northern Uganda and is not taking proactive steps to ensure this process moves forward in a transparent and account- able manner. ‘‘SEC. 7. ASSISTANCE FOR RECONCILIATION AND TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE IN NORTHERN UGAN- DA. ‘‘(a) SENSE OF CONGRESS.—It is the sense of Congress that, despite reconstruction and development efforts, a continued failure to take meaningful steps toward na- tional reconciliation and accountability risks perpet- uating longstanding political grievances and fueling new conflicts. ‘‘(b) AUTHORITY.—In accordance with section 531 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2346), the President is authorized to support efforts by the people of northern Uganda and the Government of Uganda to advance efforts to promote transitional justice and rec- onciliation on both local and national levels, including to encourage implementation of the mechanisms out- lined in the Annexure to the Agreement on Account- ability and Reconciliation between the Government of Uganda and the Lord’s Resistance Army/Movement, signed at Juba February 19, 2008, namely— ‘‘(1) a body to investigate the history of the con- flict, inquire into human rights violations committed during the conflict by all sides, promote truth-telling in communities, and encourage the preservation of the memory of events and victims of the conflict through memorials, archives, commemorations, and other forms of preservation; ‘‘(2) a special division of the High Court of Uganda to try individuals alleged to have committed serious crimes during the conflict, and a special unit to carry out investigations and prosecutions in support of trials; ‘‘(3) a system for making reparations to victims of the conflict; and ‘‘(4) a review and strategy for supporting transi- tional justice mechanisms in affected areas to pro- mote reconciliation and encourage individuals to take personal responsibility for their conduct during the war. ‘‘SEC. 8. REPORT. ‘‘(a) REPORT REQUIRED.—Not later than 1 year after the submission of the strategy required under section 4, the Secretary of State shall prepare and submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a report on the progress made toward the implementation of the strat- egy required under section 4 and a description and eval- uation of the assistance provided under this Act toward the policy objectives described in section 3. ‘‘(b) CONTENTS.—The report required under section (a) shall include— ‘‘(1) a description and evaluation of actions taken toward the implementation of the strategy required under section 4; ‘‘(2) a description of assistance provided under sec- tions 5, 6, and 7; ‘‘(3) an evaluation of bilateral assistance provided to the Republic of Uganda and associated programs in light of stated policy objectives; ‘‘(4) a description of the status of the Peace Recov- ery and Development Plan for Northern Uganda and the progress of the Government of Uganda in ful- filling the steps outlined in section 6(b); and ‘‘(5) a description of amounts of assistance com- mitted, and amounts provided, to northern Uganda during the reporting period by the Government of Uganda and each donor country. ‘‘(c) FORM.—The report under this section shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may include a clas- sified annex. ‘‘SEC. 9. SENSE OF CONGRESS ON FUNDING. ‘‘It is the sense of Congress that— ‘‘(1) of the total amounts to be appropriated for fis- cal year 2011 for the Department of State and foreign Page 556 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151 operations, up to $10,000,000 should be used to carry out activities under section 5; and ‘‘(2) of the total amounts to be appropriated for fis- cal year 2011 through 2013 for the Department of State and foreign operations, up to $10,000,000 in each such fiscal year should be used to carry out activities under section 7. ‘‘SEC. 10. DEFINITIONS. ‘‘In this Act: ‘‘(1) APPROPRIATE COMMITTEES OF CONGRESS.—The term ‘appropriate committees of Congress’ means the Committee on Appropriations and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Appropriations and the Committee on Foreign Af- fairs of the House of Representatives. ‘‘(2) GREAT LAKES REGION.—The term ‘Great Lakes Region’ means the region comprising Burundi, Demo- cratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, southern Sudan, and Uganda. ‘‘(3) LRA-AFFECTED AREAS.—The term ‘LRA-af- fected areas’ means those portions of northern Ugan- da, southern Sudan, northeastern Democratic Repub- lic of Congo, and southeastern Central African Re- public determined by the Secretary of State to be af- fected by the Lord’s Resistance Army as of the date of the enactment of this Act [May 24, 2010].’’ STRATEGY FOR UNITED STATES-LED PROVINCIAL RECONSTRUCTION TEAMS IN IRAQ Pub. L. 110–417, [div. A], title XII, § 1213, Oct. 14, 2008, 122 Stat. 4629, provided that: ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—The President shall establish and implement a strategy for United States-led Provincial Reconstruction Teams (PRTs), including embedded PRTs and Provincial Support Teams, in Iraq that en- sures that such United States-led PRTs are— ‘‘(1) supporting the operational and strategic goals of the Multi-National Force–Iraq; and ‘‘(2) developing the capacity of national, provincial, and local government and other civil institutions in Iraq to assume increasing responsibility for the for- mulation, implementation, and oversight of recon- struction and development activities. ‘‘(b) ELEMENTS OF STRATEGY.—At a minimum, the strategy required under subsection (a) shall include— ‘‘(1) a mission statement and clearly defined objec- tives for United States-led PRTs as a whole; ‘‘(2) a mission statement and clearly defined objec- tives for each United States-led PRT; and ‘‘(3) measures of effectiveness and performance in- dicators for meeting the objectives of each United States-led PRT as described in paragraph (2). ‘‘(c) REPORT.— ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 14, 2008], and every 90 days thereafter through the end of fiscal year 2010, the President shall transmit to the appro- priate congressional committees a report on the im- plementation of the strategy required under sub- section (a), including an assessment of the specific contributions United States-led PRTs are making to implement the strategy. The initial report required under this subsection should include a general de- scription of the strategy required under subsection (a) and a general discussion of the elements of the strategy required under subsection (b). ‘‘(2) INCLUSION IN OTHER REPORT.—The report re- quired under this subsection may be included in the report required by section 1227 of the National De- fense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2006 (Public Law 109–163; 119 Stat. 3465 [50 U.S.C. 1541 note]). ‘‘(d) APPROPRIATE CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEES DE- FINED.—In this section, the term ‘appropriate congres- sional committees’ means— ‘‘(1) the Committee on Armed Services, the Com- mittee on Appropriations, and the Committee on For- eign Affairs of the House of Representatives; and ‘‘(2) the Committee on Armed Services, the Com- mittee on Appropriations, and the Committee on For- eign Relations of the Senate.’’ MIDDLE EAST FOUNDATION Pub. L. 110–53, title XX, § 2021, Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 513, provided that: ‘‘(a) PURPOSES.—The purposes of this section are to support, through the provision of grants, technical as- sistance, training, and other programs, in the countries of the broader Middle East region, the expansion of— ‘‘(1) civil society; ‘‘(2) opportunities for political participation for all citizens; ‘‘(3) protections for internationally recognized human rights, including the rights of women; ‘‘(4) educational system reforms; ‘‘(5) independent media; ‘‘(6) policies that promote economic opportunities for citizens; ‘‘(7) the rule of law; and ‘‘(8) democratic processes of government. ‘‘(b) MIDDLE EAST FOUNDATION.— ‘‘(1) DESIGNATION.—The Secretary of State is au- thorized to designate an appropriate private, non- profit organization that is organized or incorporated under the laws of the United States or of a State as the Middle East Foundation (referred to in this sec- tion as the ‘Foundation’). ‘‘(2) FUNDING.— ‘‘(A) AUTHORITY.—The Secretary of State is au- thorized to provide funding to the Foundation through the Middle East Partnership Initiative of the Department of State. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Foundation shall use amounts provided under this paragraph to carry out the purposes specified in subsection (a), including through making grants, using such funds as an en- dowment, and providing other assistance to entities to carry out programs for such purposes. ‘‘(B) FUNDING FROM OTHER SOURCES.—In deter- mining the amount of funding to provide to the Foundation, the Secretary of State shall take into consideration the amount of funds that the Founda- tion has received from sources other than the United States Government. ‘‘(3) NOTIFICATION TO CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEES.— The Secretary of State shall notify the appropriate congressional committees of the designation of an ap- propriate organization as the Foundation. ‘‘(c) GRANTS FOR PROJECTS.— ‘‘(1) FOUNDATION TO MAKE GRANTS.—The Secretary of State shall enter into an agreement with the Foun- dation that requires the Foundation to use the funds provided under subsection (b)(2) to make grants to persons or entities (other than governments or gov- ernment entities) located in the broader Middle East region or working with local partners based in the broader Middle East region to carry out projects that support the purposes specified in subsection (a). ‘‘(2) CENTER FOR PUBLIC POLICY.—Under the agree- ment described in paragraph (1), the Foundation may make a grant to an institution of higher education located in the broader Middle East region to create a center for public policy for the purpose of permitting scholars and professionals from the countries of the broader Middle East region and from other countries, including the United States, to carry out research, training programs, and other activities to inform public policymaking in the broader Middle East re- gion and to promote broad economic, social, and po- litical reform for the people of the broader Middle East region. ‘‘(3) APPLICATIONS FOR GRANTS.—An entity seeking a grant from the Foundation under this section shall submit an application to the head of the Foundation at such time, in such manner, and containing such in- formation as the head of the Foundation may reason- ably require. ‘‘(d) PRIVATE CHARACTER OF THE FOUNDATION.—Noth- ing in this section shall be construed to— ‘‘(1) make the Foundation an agency or establish- ment of the United States Government, or to make Page 557 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151 the officers or employees of the Foundation officers or employees of the United States for purposes of title 5, United States Code; or ‘‘(2) impose any restriction on the Foundation’s ac- ceptance of funds from private and public sources in support of its activities consistent with the purposes specified in subsection (a). ‘‘(e) LIMITATION ON PAYMENTS TO FOUNDATION PER- SONNEL.—No part of the funds provided to the Founda- tion under this section shall inure to the benefit of any officer or employee of the Foundation, except as salary or reasonable compensation for services. ‘‘(f) RETENTION OF INTEREST.—The Foundation may hold funds provided under this section in interest-bear- ing accounts prior to the disbursement of such funds to carry out the purposes specified in subsection (a), and may retain for such purposes any interest earned with- out returning such interest to the Treasury of the United States. The Foundation may retain and use such funds as an endowment to carry out the purposes specified in subsection (a). ‘‘(g) FINANCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY.— ‘‘(1) INDEPENDENT PRIVATE AUDITS OF THE FOUNDA- TION.—The accounts of the Foundation shall be au- dited annually in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards by independent certified public accountants or independent licensed public account- ants certified or licensed by a regulatory authority of a State or other political subdivision of the United States. The report of the independent audit shall be included in the annual report required by subsection (h). ‘‘(2) GAO AUDITS.—The financial transactions un- dertaken pursuant to this section by the Foundation may be audited by the Government Accountability Office in accordance with such principles and proce- dures and under such rules and regulations as may be prescribed by the Comptroller General of the United States. ‘‘(3) AUDITS OF GRANT RECIPIENTS.— ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—A recipient of a grant from the Foundation shall agree to permit an audit of the books and records of such recipient related to the use of the grant funds. ‘‘(B) RECORDKEEPING.—Such recipient shall main- tain appropriate books and records to facilitate an audit referred to in subparagraph (A), including— ‘‘(i) separate accounts with respect to the grant funds; ‘‘(ii) records that fully disclose the use of the grant funds; ‘‘(iii) records describing the total cost of any project carried out using grant funds; and ‘‘(iv) the amount and nature of any funds re- ceived from other sources that were combined with the grant funds to carry out a project. ‘‘(h) ANNUAL REPORTS.—Not later than January 31, 2008, and annually thereafter, the Foundation shall sub- mit to the appropriate congressional committees and make available to the public a report that includes, for the fiscal year prior to the fiscal year in which the re- port is submitted, a comprehensive and detailed de- scription of— ‘‘(1) the operations and activities of the Foundation that were carried out using funds provided under this section; ‘‘(2) grants made by the Foundation to other enti- ties with funds provided under this section; ‘‘(3) other activities of the Foundation to further the purposes specified in subsection (a); and ‘‘(4) the financial condition of the Foundation. ‘‘(i) BROADER MIDDLE EAST REGION DEFINED.—In this section, the term ‘broader Middle East region’ means Afghanistan, Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Jor- dan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Paki- stan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, West Bank and Gaza, and Yemen. ‘‘(j) REPEAL.—Section 534(k) of Public Law 109–102 [119 Stat. 2210] is repealed.’’ [For definition of ‘‘appropriate congressional com- mittees’’ as used in section 2021 of Pub. L. 110–53, set out above, see section 2002 of Pub. L. 110–53, set out below.] DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO RELIEF, SECURITY, AND DEMOCRACY PROMOTION Pub. L. 109–456, Dec. 22, 2006, 120 Stat. 3384, provided that: ‘‘SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. ‘‘This Act may be cited as the ‘Democratic Republic of the Congo Relief, Security, and Democracy Pro- motion Act of 2006’. ‘‘TITLE I—BILATERAL ACTION ON ADDRESSING URGENT NEEDS IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUB- LIC OF THE CONGO ‘‘SEC. 101. FINDINGS. ‘‘Congress makes the following findings: ‘‘(1) The National Security Strategy of the United States, dated September 17, 2002, concludes that ‘[i]n Africa, promise and opportunity sit side-by-side with disease, war, and desperate poverty. This threatens both a core value of the United States preserving human dignity and our strategic priority combating global terror. American interests and American prin- ciples, therefore, lead in the same direction: we will work with others for an African continent that lives in liberty, peace, and growing prosperity.’. ‘‘(2) On February 16, 2005, the Director of the Cen- tral Intelligence Agency testified, ‘In Africa, chronic instability will continue to hamper counterterrorism efforts and pose heavy humanitarian and peace- keeping burdens.’. ‘‘(3) According to the United States Agency for International Development, ‘Given its size, popu- lation, and resources, the Congo is an important player in Africa and of long-term interest to the United States.’. ‘‘(4) The Democratic Republic of the Congo is 2,345,410 square miles (approximately 1⁄4 the size of the United States), lies at the heart of Africa, and touches every major region of sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, a secure, peaceful, and prosperous Demo- cratic Republic of the Congo would have a profound impact on progress throughout Africa. ‘‘(5) The most recent war in the Democratic Repub- lic of the Congo, which erupted in 1998, spawned some of the world’s worst human rights atrocities and drew in six neighboring countries. ‘‘(6) Despite the conclusion of a peace agreement and subsequent withdrawal of foreign forces in 2003, both the real and perceived presence of armed groups hostile to the Governments of Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi continue to serve as a major source of re- gional instability and an apparent pretext for contin- ued interference in the Democratic Republic of the Congo by its neighbors. ‘‘(7) A mortality study completed in December 2004 by the International Rescue Committee found that 31,000 people were dying monthly and 3,800,000 people had died in the previous six years because of the con- flict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and re- sulting disintegration of the social service infrastruc- ture, making this one of the deadliest conflicts since World War II. ‘‘(8) In 2004, Amnesty International estimated that at least 40,000 women and girls were systematically raped and tortured in the Democratic Republic of the Congo since 1998, and nearly two-thirds of ongoing abuses against women and girls are perpetrated by members of the security forces, particularly the Forces Armes de la Republique Democratique du Congo (FARDC) and the Police Nationale Congolaise (PNC). ‘‘(9) According to the Department of State, ‘return- ing one of Africa’s largest countries [the Democratic Republic of the Congo] to full peace and stability will require significant United States investments in sup- port of national elections, the reintegration of former combatants, the return and reintegration of refugees Page 558 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151 and [internally displaced persons], establishment of central government control over vast territories, and promotion of national reconciliation and good gov- ernance’. ‘‘SEC. 102. STATEMENT OF POLICY. ‘‘It is the policy of the United States— ‘‘(1) to help promote, reinvigorate, and support the political process in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in order to press all parties in the Transitional National Government and the succeeding government to implement fully and to institutionalize mecha- nisms, including national and international election observers, fair and transparent voter registration procedures, and a significant civic awareness and public education campaign created for the July 30, 2006, elections and future elections in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to ensure that elections are carried out in a fair and democratic manner; ‘‘(2) to urge the Government of the Democratic Re- public of the Congo to recognize and act upon its re- sponsibilities to immediately bring discipline to its security forces, hold those individuals responsible for atrocities and other human rights violations, particu- larly the rape of women and girls as an act of war, ac- countable and bring such individuals to justice; ‘‘(3) to help ensure that, once a stable national gov- ernment is established in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, it is committed to multiparty democracy, open and transparent governance, respect for human rights and religious freedom, ending the violence throughout the country, promoting peace and sta- bility with its neighbors, rehabilitating the national judicial system and enhancing the rule of law, com- bating corruption, instituting economic reforms to promote development, and creating an environment to promote private investment; ‘‘(4) to assist the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo as it seeks to meet the basic needs of its citizens, including security, safety, and access to health care, education, food, shelter, and clean drinking water; ‘‘(5) to support security sector reform by assisting the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo to establish a viable and professional national army and police force that respects human rights and the rule of law, is under effective civilian control, and possesses a viable presence throughout the entire country, provided the Democratic Republic of the Congo meets all requirements for United States mili- tary assistance under existing law; ‘‘(6) to help expedite planning and implementation of programs associated with the disarmament, demo- bilization, repatriation, reintegration, and rehabilita- tion process in the Democratic Republic of the Congo; ‘‘(7) to support efforts of the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the United Na- tions Peacekeeping Mission in the Democratic Re- public of the Congo (MONUC), and other entities, as appropriate, to disarm, demobilize, and repatriate the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda and other illegally armed groups; ‘‘(8) to make all efforts to ensure that the Govern- ment of the Democratic Republic of the Congo— ‘‘(A) is committed to responsible and transparent management of natural resources across the coun- try; and ‘‘(B) takes active measures— ‘‘(i) to promote economic development; ‘‘(ii) to hold accountable individuals who ille- gally exploit the country’s natural resources; and ‘‘(iii) to implement the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative by enacting laws requir- ing disclosure and independent auditing of com- pany payments and government receipts for nat- ural resource extraction; ‘‘(9) to promote a viable civil society and to en- hance nongovernmental organizations and institu- tions, including religious organizations, the media, political parties, trade unions, and trade and business associations, that can act as a stabilizing force and effective check on the government; ‘‘(10) to help rebuild and enhance infrastructure, communications, and other mechanisms that will in- crease the ability of the central government to man- age internal affairs, encourage economic develop- ment, and facilitate relief efforts of humanitarian or- ganizations; ‘‘(11) to help halt the high prevalence of sexual abuse and violence perpetrated against women and children in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and mitigate the detrimental effects from acts of this type of violence by undertaking a number of health, education, and psycho-social support programs; ‘‘(12) to work aggressively on a bilateral basis to urge governments of countries contributing troops to the United Nations Peacekeeping Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC) to enact and enforce laws on trafficking in persons and sexual abuse that meet international standards, promote codes of conduct for troops serving as part of United Nations peacekeeping missions, and immediately in- vestigate and punish citizens who are responsible for abuses in the Democratic Republic of the Congo; ‘‘(13) to assist the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo as undertakes steps to— ‘‘(A) protect internally displaced persons and ref- ugees in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and border regions from all forms of violence, including gender-based violence and other human rights abuses; ‘‘(B) address other basic needs of vulnerable popu- lations with the goal of allowing these conflict-af- fected individuals to ultimately return to their homes; and ‘‘(C) assess the magnitude of the problem of or- phans from conflict and HIV/AIDS in the Demo- cratic Republic of the Congo, and work to establish a program of national support; ‘‘(14) to engage with governments working to pro- mote peace and security throughout the Democratic Republic of the Congo and hold accountable individ- uals, entities, and countries working to destabilize the country; and ‘‘(15) to promote appropriate use of the forests of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in a manner that benefits the rural population in that country that depends on the forests for their livelihoods and protects national and environmental interests. ‘‘SEC. 103. BILATERAL ASSISTANCE TO THE DEMO- CRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO. ‘‘(a) FUNDING FOR FISCAL YEARS 2006 AND 2007.—Of the amounts made available to carry out the Foreign As- sistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.), the Agricul- tural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954 [now Food for Peace Act] [7 U.S.C. 1691 et seq.] (68 Stat. 454, chapter 469), and the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.) for fiscal year 2006 and 2007, at least $52,000,000 for each such fiscal year should be allocated for bilateral assistance programs in the Democratic Re- public of the Congo. ‘‘(b) FUTURE YEAR FUNDING.—It is the sense of Con- gress that the Department of State should submit budget requests in fiscal years 2008 and 2009 that con- tain increases in bilateral assistance for the Demo- cratic Republic of the Congo that are appropriate if progress is being made, particularly cooperation by the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, toward accomplishing the policy objectives described in section 102. ‘‘(c) COORDINATION WITH OTHER DONOR NATIONS.—The United States should work with other donor nations, on a bilateral and multilateral basis, to increase inter- national contributions to the Democratic Republic of the Congo and accomplish the policy objectives de- scribed in section 102. ‘‘SEC. 104. ACCOUNTABILITY FOR THE GOVERN- MENT OF THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO. ‘‘(a) SENSE OF CONGRESS.—It is the sense of Congress that— Page 559 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151 ‘‘(1) the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo must be committed to achieving the policy objectives described in section 102 if the efforts of the United States and other members of the inter- national community are to be effective in bringing relief, security, and democracy to the country; ‘‘(2) the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo should immediately exercise control over and discipline its armed forces, stop the mass rapes at the hands of its armed forces, and hold those re- sponsible for these acts accountable before an appro- priate tribunal; ‘‘(3) the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, in collaboration with international aid agencies, should establish expert teams to assess the needs of the victims of rape and provide health, coun- seling, and social support services that such victims need; and ‘‘(4) the international community, through the United Nations peacekeeping mission, humanitarian and development relief, and other forms of assist- ance, is providing a substantial amount of funding that is giving the Government of the Democratic Re- public of the Congo an opportunity to make progress towards accomplishing the policy objectives de- scribed in section 102, but this assistance cannot con- tinue in perpetuity. ‘‘(b) TERMINATION OF ASSISTANCE.—It is the sense of Congress that the Secretary of State should withhold assistance otherwise available under this Act if the Secretary determines that the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo is not making suffi- cient progress towards accomplishing the policy objec- tives described in section 102. ‘‘SEC. 105. WITHHOLDING OF ASSISTANCE. ‘‘The Secretary of State is authorized to withhold as- sistance made available under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.), other than humani- tarian, peacekeeping, and counterterrorism assistance, for a foreign country if the Secretary determines that the government of the foreign country is taking ac- tions to destabilize the Democratic Republic of the Congo. ‘‘SEC. 106. REPORT ON PROGRESS TOWARD ACCOM- PLISHING POLICY OBJECTIVES. ‘‘(a) REPORT REQUIRED.—Not later than one year after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 22, 2006], the Comptroller General of the United States shall submit to Congress a report on the progress made toward ac- complishing the policy objectives described in section 102. ‘‘(b) CONTENTS.—The report required under subsection (a) shall include— ‘‘(1) a description of any major impediments that prevent the accomplishment of the policy objectives described in section 102, including any destabilizing activities undertaken in the Democratic Republic of Congo by governments of neighboring countries; ‘‘(2) an evaluation of United States policies and for- eign assistance programs designed to accomplish such policy objectives; and ‘‘(3) recommendations for— ‘‘(A) improving the policies and programs referred to in paragraph (2); and ‘‘(B) any additional bilateral or multilateral ac- tions necessary to promote peace and prosperity in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. ‘‘SEC. 107. SPECIAL ENVOY FOR THE GREAT LAKES REGION. ‘‘Not later than 60 days after the date of the enact- ment of this Act [Dec. 22, 2006], the President should appoint a Special Envoy for the Great Lakes Region to help coordinate efforts to resolve the instability and insecurity in Eastern Congo. ‘‘TITLE II—MULTILATERAL ACTIONS TO AD- DRESS URGENT NEEDS IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO ‘‘SEC. 201. PROMOTION OF UNITED STATES POLICY TOWARD THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO IN THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL. ‘‘The United States should use its voice and vote in the United Nations Security Council— ‘‘(1) to address exploitation at the United Nations Peacekeeping Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC) by continuing to urge, when credible allegations exist, appropriate investigation of alleged perpetrators and, as necessary, prosecution of United Nations personnel responsible for sexual abuses in the Democratic Republic of the Congo; ‘‘(2) to conclude at the earliest possible date a Memorandum of Understanding relating to binding codes of conduct and programs for the prevention of sexual abuse and trafficking in persons to be under- taken by the United Nations for all countries that contribute troops to MONUC, to include the assump- tion of personal liability for the provision of victims assistance and child support, as appropriate, by those who violate the codes of conduct; ‘‘(3) to strengthen the authority and capacity of MONUC by— ‘‘(A) providing specific authority and obligation to prevent and effectively counter imminent threats; ‘‘(B) clarifying and strengthening MONUC’s rules of engagement to enhance the protection of vulner- able civilian populations; ‘‘(C) enhancing the surveillance and intelligence- gathering capabilities available to MONUC; ‘‘(D) where consistent with United States policy, making available personnel, communications, and military assets that improve the effectiveness of robust peacekeeping, mobility, and command and control capabilities of MONUC; and ‘‘(E) providing MONUC with the authority and re- sources needed to effectively monitor arms traf- ficking and natural resource exploitation at key border posts and airfields in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo; ‘‘(4) to encourage regular visits of the United Na- tions Security Council to monitor the situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo; ‘‘(5) to ensure that the practice of recruiting and arming children in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is immediately halted pursuant to Security Council Resolutions 1460 (2003) and 1539 (2004); ‘‘(6) to strengthen the arms embargo imposed pur- suant to Security Council Resolution 1493 (2003) and ensure that violators are held accountable through appropriate measures, including the possible imposi- tion of sanctions; ‘‘(7) to allow for the more effective protection and monitoring of natural resources in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, especially in the eastern part of the country, and for public disclosure and inde- pendent auditing of natural resource revenues to help ensure transparent and accountable management of these revenues; ‘‘(8) to press countries in the Congo region to help facilitate an end to the violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and promote relief, security, and democracy throughout the region; and ‘‘(9) to encourage the United Nations Secretary- General to become more involved in completing the policy objectives described in paragraphs (1) and (2) of section 102 and ensure that recent fighting in North Kivu, which displaced over 150,000 people, as well as fighting in Ituri and other areas, does not create widespread instability throughout the country. Page 560 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151 ‘‘SEC. 202. INCREASING CONTRIBUTIONS AND OTHER HUMANITARIAN AND DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE THROUGH INTERNATIONAL OR- GANIZATIONS. ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—The President should instruct the United States permanent representative or executive director, as the case may be, to the United Nations vol- untary agencies, including the World Food Program, the United Nations Development Program, and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, and other appropriate international organizations to use the voice and vote of the United States to support addi- tional humanitarian and development assistance for the Democratic Republic of the Congo in order to ac- complish the policy objectives described in section 102. ‘‘(b) SUPPORT CONTINGENT ON PROGRESS.—If the Sec- retary of State determines that the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo is not making suffi- cient progress towards accomplishing the policy objec- tives described in section 102, the President shall con- sider withdrawing United States support for the assist- ance described in subsection (a) when future funding decisions are considered.’’ PROMOTION OF DEMOCRACY FOR IRAN Pub. L. 109–293, title III, Sept. 30, 2006, 120 Stat. 1347, provided that: ‘‘SEC. 301. DECLARATION OF POLICY. ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—Congress declares that it should be the policy of the United States— ‘‘(1) to support efforts by the people of Iran to exer- cise self-determination over the form of government of their country; and ‘‘(2) to support independent human rights and peaceful pro-democracy forces in Iran. ‘‘(b) RULE OF CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in this Act [amending section 5318A of Title 31, Money and Fi- nance, and enacting and amending provisions set out as notes under section 1701 of Title 50, War and National Defense] shall be construed as authorizing the use of force against Iran. ‘‘SEC. 302. ASSISTANCE TO SUPPORT DEMOCRACY FOR IRAN. ‘‘(a) AUTHORIZATION.— ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Notwithstanding any other provi- sion of law, the President is authorized to provide fi- nancial and political assistance (including the award of grants) to foreign and domestic individuals, orga- nizations, and entities working for the purpose of supporting and promoting democracy for Iran. Such assistance may include the award of grants to eligible independent pro-democracy radio and television broadcasting organizations that broadcast into Iran. ‘‘(2) LIMITATION ON ASSISTANCE.—In accordance with the rule of construction described in subsection (b) of section 301, none of the funds authorized under this section shall be used to support the use of force against Iran. ‘‘(b) ELIGIBILITY FOR ASSISTANCE.—Financial and po- litical assistance under this section should be provided only to an individual, organization, or entity that— ‘‘(1) officially opposes the use of violence and ter- rorism and has not been designated as a foreign ter- rorist organization under section 219 of the Immigra- tion and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1189) at any time during the preceding four years; ‘‘(2) advocates the adherence by Iran to non- proliferation regimes for nuclear, chemical, and bio- logical weapons and materiel; ‘‘(3) is dedicated to democratic values and supports the adoption of a democratic form of government in Iran; ‘‘(4) is dedicated to respect for human rights, in- cluding the fundamental equality of women; ‘‘(5) works to establish equality of opportunity for people; and ‘‘(6) supports freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom of association, and freedom of reli- gion. ‘‘(c) FUNDING.—The President may provide assistance under this section using— ‘‘(1) funds available to the Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI), the Broader Middle East and North Africa Initiative, and the Human Rights and Democ- racy Fund; and ‘‘(2) amounts made available pursuant to the au- thorization of appropriations under subsection (g). ‘‘(d) NOTIFICATION.—Not later than 15 days before each obligation of assistance under this section, and in accordance with the procedures under section 634A of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2394–l), the President shall notify the Committee on International Relations [now Committee on Foreign Affairs] and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Rep- resentatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate. ‘‘(e) SENSE OF CONGRESS REGARDING DIPLOMATIC AS- SISTANCE.—It is the sense of Congress that— ‘‘(1) support for a transition to democracy in Iran should be expressed by United States representatives and officials in all appropriate international fora; ‘‘(2) officials and representatives of the United States should— ‘‘(A) strongly and unequivocally support indige- nous efforts in Iran calling for free, transparent, and democratic elections; and ‘‘(B) draw international attention to violations by the Government of Iran of human rights, free- dom of religion, freedom of assembly, and freedom of the press. ‘‘(f) DURATION.—The authority to provide assistance under this section shall expire on December 31, 2011. ‘‘(g) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There is au- thorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of State such sums as may be necessary to carry out this sec- tion.’’ SYRIA ACCOUNTABILITY AND LEBANESE SOVEREIGNTY RESTORATION Pub. L. 108–175, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2482, provided that: ‘‘SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. ‘‘This Act may be cited as the ‘Syria Accountability and Lebanese Sovereignty Restoration Act of 2003’. ‘‘SEC. 2. FINDINGS. ‘‘Congress makes the following findings: ‘‘(1) On June 24, 2002, President Bush stated ‘Syria must choose the right side in the war on terror by closing terrorist camps and expelling terrorist orga- nizations’. ‘‘(2) United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373 (September 28, 2001) mandates that all states ‘re- frain from providing any form of support, active or passive, to entities or persons involved in terrorist acts’, take ‘the necessary steps to prevent the com- mission of terrorist acts’, and ‘deny safe haven to those who finance, plan, support, or commit terrorist acts’. ‘‘(3) The Government of Syria is currently prohib- ited by United States law from receiving United States assistance because it has repeatedly provided support for acts of international terrorism, as deter- mined by the Secretary of State for purposes of [former] section 6(j)(1) of the Export Administration Act of 1979 (50 U.S.C. App. 2405(j)(1)) [former 50 U.S.C. 4605(j)(1)] and other relevant provisions of law. ‘‘(4) Although the Department of State lists Syria as a state sponsor of terrorism and reports that Syria provides ‘safe haven and support to several terrorist groups’, fewer United States sanctions apply with re- spect to Syria than with respect to any other country that is listed as a state sponsor of terrorism. ‘‘(5) Terrorist groups, including Hizballah, Hamas, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine—General Command, maintain offices, training camps, and other facilities Page 561 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151 on Syrian territory, and operate in areas of Lebanon occupied by the Syrian armed forces and receive sup- plies from Iran through Syria. ‘‘(6) United Nations Security Council Resolution 520 (September 17, 1982) calls for ‘strict respect of the sovereignty, territorial integrity, unity and political independence of Lebanon under the sole and exclusive authority of the Government of Lebanon through the Lebanese Army throughout Lebanon’. ‘‘(7) Approximately 20,000 Syrian troops and secu- rity personnel occupy much of the sovereign territory of Lebanon exerting undue influence upon its govern- ment and undermining its political independence. ‘‘(8) Since 1990 the Senate and House of Representa- tives have passed seven bills and resolutions which call for the withdrawal of Syrian armed forces from Lebanon. ‘‘(9) On March 3, 2003, Secretary of State Colin Pow- ell declared that it is the objective of the United States to ‘let Lebanon be ruled by the Lebanese peo- ple without the presence of [the Syrian] occupation army’. ‘‘(10) Large and increasing numbers of the Lebanese people from across the political spectrum in Lebanon have mounted peaceful and democratic calls for the withdrawal of the Syrian Army from Lebanese soil. ‘‘(11) Israel has withdrawn all of its armed forces from Lebanon in accordance with United Nations Se- curity Council Resolution 425 (March 19, 1978), as cer- tified by the United Nations Secretary General. ‘‘(12) Even in the face of this United Nations certifi- cation that acknowledged Israel’s full compliance with Security Council Resolution 425, Syrian- and Iranian-supported Hizballah continues to attack Israeli outposts at Shebaa Farms, under the pretense that Shebaa Farms is territory from which Israel was required to withdraw by Security Counsel Resolution 425, and Syrian- and Iranian-supported Hizballah and other militant organizations continue to attack civil- ian targets in Israel. ‘‘(13) Syria will not allow Lebanon—a sovereign country—to fulfill its obligation in accordance with Security Council Resolution 425 to deploy its troops to southern Lebanon. ‘‘(14) As a result, the Israeli-Lebanese border and much of southern Lebanon is under the control of Hizballah, which continues to attack Israeli posi- tions, allows Iranian Revolutionary Guards and other militant groups to operate freely in the area, and maintains thousands of rockets along Israel’s north- ern border, destabilizing the entire region. ‘‘(15) On February 12, 2003, Director of Central Intel- ligence George Tenet stated the following with re- spect to the Syrian- and Iranian-supported Hizballah: ‘[A]s an organization with capability and worldwide presence [it] is [al Qaeda’s] equal if not a far more ca- pable organization * * * [T]hey’re a notch above in many respects, in terms of in their relationship with the Iranians and the training they receive, [which] puts them in a state-sponsored category with a po- tential for lethality that’s quite great.’. ‘‘(16) In the State of the Union address on January 29, 2002, President Bush declared that the United States will ‘work closely with our coalition to deny terrorists and their state sponsors the materials, technology, and expertise to make and deliver weap- ons of mass destruction’. ‘‘(17) The Government of Syria continues to develop and deploy short- and medium-range ballistic mis- siles. ‘‘(18) According to the December 2001 unclassified Central Intelligence Agency report entitled ‘Foreign Missile Developments and the Ballistic Missile Threat through 2015’, ‘Syria maintains a ballistic missile and rocket force of hundreds of FROG rock- ets, Scuds, and SS–21 SRBMs [and] Syria has devel- oped [chemical weapons] warheads for its Scuds’. ‘‘(19) The Government of Syria is pursuing the de- velopment and production of biological and chemical weapons and has a nuclear research and development program that is cause for concern. ‘‘(20) According to the Central Intelligence Agen- cy’s ‘Unclassified Report to Congress on the Acquisi- tion of Technology Relating to Weapons of Mass De- struction and Advanced Conventional Munitions’, re- leased January 7, 2003: ‘[Syria] already holds a stock- pile of the nerve agent sarin but apparently is trying to develop more toxic and persistent nerve agents. Syria remains dependent on foreign sources for key elements of its [chemical weapons] program, includ- ing precursor chemicals and key production equip- ment. It is highly probable that Syria also is devel- oping an offensive [biological weapons] capability.’. ‘‘(21) On May 6, 2002, the Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security, John Bolton, stated: ‘The United States also knows that Syria has long had a chemical warfare program. It has a stockpile of the nerve agent sarin and is en- gaged in research and development of the more toxic and persistent nerve agent VX. Syria, which has signed but not ratified the [Biological Weapons Con- vention], is pursuing the development of biological weapons and is able to produce at least small amounts of biological warfare agents.’. ‘‘(22) According to the Central Intelligence Agen- cy’s ‘Unclassified Report to Congress on the Acquisi- tion of Technology Relating to Weapons of Mass De- struction and Advanced Conventional Munitions’, re- leased January 7, 2003: ‘Russia and Syria have ap- proved a draft cooperative program on cooperation on civil nuclear power. In principal, broader access to Russian expertise provides opportunities for Syria to expand its indigenous capabilities, should it decide to pursue nuclear weapons.’. ‘‘(23) Under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (21 UST 483), which entered force on March 5, 1970, and to which Syria is a party, Syria has undertaken not to acquire or produce nuclear weapons and has accepted full scope safeguards of the International Atomic Energy Agency to detect diver- sions of nuclear materials from peaceful activities to the production of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices. ‘‘(24) Syria is not a party to the Chemical Weapons Convention or the Biological Weapons Convention, which entered into force on April 29, 1997, and on March 26, 1975, respectively. ‘‘(25) Syrian President Bashar Assad promised Sec- retary of State Powell in February 2001 to end viola- tions of Security Council Resolution 661, which re- stricted the sale of oil and other commodities by Sad- dam Hussein’s regime, except to the extent author- ized by other relevant resolutions, but this pledge was never fulfilled. ‘‘(26) Syria’s illegal imports and transshipments of Iraqi oil during Saddam Hussein’s regime earned Syria $50,000,000 or more per month as Syria contin- ued to sell its own Syrian oil at market prices. ‘‘(27) Syria’s illegal imports and transshipments of Iraqi oil earned Saddam Hussein’s regime $2,000,000 per day. ‘‘(28) On March 28, 2003, Secretary of Defense Don- ald Rumsfeld warned: ‘[W]e have information that shipments of military supplies have been crossing the border from Syria into Iraq, including night-vision goggles * * * These deliveries pose a direct threat to the lives of coalition forces. We consider such traf- ficking as hostile acts, and will hold the Syrian gov- ernment accountable for such shipments.’. ‘‘(29) According to Article 23(1) of the United Na- tions Charter, members of the United Nations are elected as nonpermanent members of the United Na- tions Security Council with ‘due regard being spe- cially paid, in the first instance to the contribution of members of the United Nations to the maintenance of international peace and security and to other pur- poses of the Organization’. ‘‘(30) Despite Article 23(1) of the United Nations Charter, Syria was elected on October 8, 2001, to a 2- year term as a nonpermanent member of the United Nations Security Council beginning January 1, 2002, Page 562 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151 and served as President of the Security Council dur- ing June 2002 and August 2003. ‘‘(31) On March 31, 2003, the Syrian Foreign Min- ister, Farouq al-Sharra, made the Syrian regime’s in- tentions clear when he explicitly stated that ‘Syria’s interest is to see the invaders defeated in Iraq’. ‘‘(32) On April 13, 2003, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld charged that ‘busloads’ of Syrian fighters entered Iraq with ‘hundreds of thousands of dollars’ and leaflets offering rewards for dead American sol- diers. ‘‘(33) On September 16, 2003, the Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security, John Bolton, appeared before the Subcommittee on the Middle East and Central Asia of the Committee on International Relations [now Committee on For- eign Affairs] of the House of Representatives, and un- derscored Syria’s ‘hostile actions’ toward coalition forces during Operation Iraqi Freedom. Under Sec- retary Bolton added that: ‘Syria allowed military equipment to flow into Iraq on the eve of and during the war. Syria permitted volunteers to pass into Iraq to attack and kill our service members during the war, and is still doing so * * * [Syria’s] behavior dur- ing Operation Iraqi Freedom underscores the impor- tance of taking seriously reports and information on Syria’s WMD capabilities.’. ‘‘(34) During his appearance before the Committee on International Relations of the House of Represent- atives on September 25, 2003, Ambassador L. Paul Bremer, III, Administrator of the Coalition Provi- sional Authority in Iraq, stated that out of the 278 third-country nationals who were captured by coali- tion forces in Iraq, the ‘single largest group are Syr- ians’. ‘‘SEC. 3. SENSE OF CONGRESS. ‘‘It is the sense of Congress that— ‘‘(1) the Government of Syria should immediately and unconditionally halt support for terrorism, per- manently and openly declare its total renunciation of all forms of terrorism, and close all terrorist offices and facilities in Syria, including the offices of Hamas, Hizballah, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine— General Command; ‘‘(2) the Government of Syria should— ‘‘(A) immediately and unconditionally stop facili- tating transit from Syria to Iraq of individuals, military equipment, and all lethal items, except as authorized by the Coalition Provisional Authority or a representative, internationally recognized Iraqi government; ‘‘(B) cease its support for ‘volunteers’ and terror- ists who are traveling from and through Syria into Iraq to launch attacks; and ‘‘(C) undertake concrete, verifiable steps to deter such behavior and control the use of territory under Syrian control; ‘‘(3) the Government of Syria should immediately declare its commitment to completely withdraw its armed forces, including military, paramilitary, and security forces, from Lebanon, and set a firm time- table for such withdrawal; ‘‘(4) the Government of Lebanon should deploy the Lebanese armed forces to all areas of Lebanon, in- cluding South Lebanon, in accordance with United Nations Security Council Resolution 520 (September 17, 1982), in order to assert the sovereignty of the Leb- anese state over all of its territory, and should evict all terrorist and foreign forces from southern Leb- anon, including Hizballah and the Iranian Revolu- tionary Guards; ‘‘(5) the Government of Syria should halt the devel- opment and deployment of medium- and long-range surface-to-surface missiles and cease the development and production of biological and chemical weapons; ‘‘(6) the Governments of Lebanon and Syria should enter into serious unconditional bilateral negotia- tions with the Government of Israel in order to real- ize a full and permanent peace; ‘‘(7) the United States should continue to provide humanitarian and educational assistance to the peo- ple of Lebanon only through appropriate private, nongovernmental organizations and appropriate international organizations, until such time as the Government of Lebanon asserts sovereignty and con- trol over all of its territory and borders and achieves full political independence, as called for in United Nations Security Council Resolution 520; and ‘‘(8) as a violator of several key United Nations Se- curity Council resolutions and as a nation that pur- sues policies which undermine international peace and security, Syria should not have been permitted to join the United Nations Security Council or serve as the Security Council’s President, and should be re- moved from the Security Council. ‘‘SEC. 4. STATEMENT OF POLICY. ‘‘It is the policy of the United States that— ‘‘(1) Syria should bear responsibility for attacks committed by Hizballah and other terrorist groups with offices, training camps, or other facilities in Syria, or bases in areas of Lebanon occupied by Syria; ‘‘(2) the United States will work to deny Syria the ability to support acts of international terrorism and efforts to develop or acquire weapons of mass destruc- tion; ‘‘(3) the Secretary of State will continue to list Syria as a state sponsor of terrorism until Syria ends its support for terrorism, including its support of Hizballah and other terrorist groups in Lebanon and its hosting of terrorist groups in Damascus, and comes into full compliance with United States law relating to terrorism and United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373 (September 28, 2001); ‘‘(4) the full restoration of Lebanon’s sovereignty, political independence, and territorial integrity is in the national security interest of the United States; ‘‘(5) Syria is in violation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 520 (September 17, 1982) through its continued occupation of Lebanese territory and its encroachment upon Lebanon’s political independ- ence; ‘‘(6) Syria’s obligation to withdraw from Lebanon is not conditioned upon progress in the Israeli-Syrian or Israeli-Lebanese peace process but derives from Syr- ia’s obligation under Security Council Resolution 520; ‘‘(7) Syria’s acquisition of weapons of mass destruc- tion and ballistic missile programs threaten the secu- rity of the Middle East and the national security in- terests of the United States; ‘‘(8) Syria will be held accountable for any harm to Coalition armed forces or to any United States cit- izen in Iraq if the government of Syria is found to be responsible due to its facilitation of terrorist activi- ties and its shipments of military supplies to Iraq; and ‘‘(9) the United States will not provide any assist- ance to Syria and will oppose multilateral assistance for Syria until Syria ends all support for terrorism, withdraws its armed forces from Lebanon, and halts the development and deployment of weapons of mass destruction and medium- and long-range surface-to- surface ballistic missiles. ‘‘SEC. 5. PENALTIES AND AUTHORIZATION. ‘‘(a) PENALTIES.—Until the President makes the de- termination that Syria meets all the requirements de- scribed in paragraphs (1) through (4) of subsection (d) and certifies such determination to Congress in accord- ance with such subsection— ‘‘(1) the President shall prohibit the export to Syria of any item, including the issuance of a license for the export of any item, on the United States Muni- tions List or Commerce Control List of dual-use items in the Export Administration Regulations (15 CFR part 730 et seq.); and ‘‘(2) the President shall impose two or more of the following sanctions: Page 563 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151 ‘‘(A) Prohibit the export of products of the United States (other than food and medicine) to Syria. ‘‘(B) Prohibit United States businesses from in- vesting or operating in Syria. ‘‘(C) Restrict Syrian diplomats in Washington, D.C., and at the United Nations in New York City, to travel only within a 25-mile radius of Wash- ington, D.C., or the United Nations headquarters building, respectively. ‘‘(D) Prohibit aircraft of any air carrier owned or controlled by Syria to take off from, land in, or overfly the United States. ‘‘(E) Reduce United States diplomatic contacts with Syria (other than those contacts required to protect United States interests or carry out the purposes of this Act). ‘‘(F) Block transactions in any property in which the Government of Syria has any interest, by any person, or with respect to any property, subject to the jurisdiction of the United States. ‘‘(b) WAIVER.—The President may waive the applica- tion of subsection (a)(1), (a)(2), or both if the President determines that it is in the national security interest of the United States to do so and submits to the appro- priate congressional committees a report containing the reasons for the determination. ‘‘(c) AUTHORITY TO PROVIDE ASSISTANCE TO SYRIA.—If the President— ‘‘(1) makes the determination that Syria meets the requirements described in paragraphs (1) through (4) of subsection (d) and certifies such determination to Congress in accordance with such subsection; ‘‘(2) determines that substantial progress has been made both in negotiations aimed at achieving a peace agreement between Israel and Syria and in negotia- tions aimed at achieving a peace agreement between Israel and Lebanon; and ‘‘(3) determines that the Government of Syria is strictly respecting the sovereignty, territorial integ- rity, unity, and political independence of Lebanon under the sole and exclusive authority of the Govern- ment of Lebanon through the Lebanese army throughout Lebanon, as required under paragraph (4) of United Nations Security Council Resolution 520 (1982), then the President is authorized to provide assistance to Syria under chapter 1 of part I of the Foreign Assist- ance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.] (relating to de- velopment assistance). ‘‘(d) CERTIFICATION.—A certification under this sub- section is a certification transmitted to the appro- priate congressional committees of a determination made by the President that— ‘‘(1) the Government of Syria has ceased providing support for international terrorist groups and does not allow terrorist groups, such as Hamas, Hizballah, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine—General Command to maintain facilities in territory under Syrian control; ‘‘(2) the Government of Syria ended its occupation of Lebanon described in section 2(7) of this Act; ‘‘(3) the Government of Syria has ceased the devel- opment and deployment of medium- and long-range surface-to-surface ballistic missiles, is not pursuing or engaged in the research, development, acquisition, production, transfer, or deployment of biological, chemical, or nuclear weapons, has provided credible assurances that such behavior will not be undertaken in the future, and has agreed to allow United Nations and other international observers to verify such ac- tions and assurances; and ‘‘(4) the Government of Syria has ceased all support for, and facilitation of, all terrorist activities inside of Iraq, including preventing the use of territory under its control by any means whatsoever to support those engaged in terrorist activities inside of Iraq. ‘‘SEC. 6. REPORT. ‘‘(a) REPORT.—Not later than 6 months after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 12, 2003], and every 12 months thereafter until the conditions described in paragraphs (1) through (4) of section 5(d) are satisfied, the Secretary of State shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report on— ‘‘(1) Syria’s progress toward meeting the conditions described in paragraphs (1) through (4) of section 5(d); ‘‘(2) connections, if any, between individual terror- ists and terrorist groups which maintain offices, training camps, or other facilities on Syrian terri- tory, or operate in areas of Lebanon occupied by the Syrian armed forces, and terrorist attacks on the United States or its citizens, installations, or allies; and ‘‘(3) how the United States is increasing its efforts against Hizballah and other terrorist organizations supported by Syria. ‘‘(b) FORM.—The report submitted under subsection (a) shall be in unclassified form but may include a clas- sified annex. ‘‘SEC. 7. DEFINITION OF APPROPRIATE CONGRES- SIONAL COMMITTEES. ‘‘In this Act, the term ‘appropriate congressional committees’ means the Committee on International Relations [now Committee on Foreign Affairs] of the House of Representatives and the Committee on For- eign Relations of the Senate.’’ [For delegation of functions of President under sec- tion 5(b) of Pub. L. 108–175, set out above, see section 9 of Ex. Ord. No. 13338, May 11, 2004, 69 F.R. 26751, listed in a table under section 1701 of Title 50, War and Na- tional Defense.] IRAQ RELIEF AND RECONSTRUCTION FUND Pub. L. 109–234, title I, § 1302(a), June 15, 2006, 120 Stat. 435, provided in part: ‘‘That notwithstanding section 2207(d) of Public Law 108–106 [set out below], require- ments of section 2207 of Public Law 108–106 shall expire on October 1, 2008.’’ Pub. L. 108–106, title II, §§ 2207, 2208, Nov. 6, 2003, 117 Stat. 1231, as amended by section 574(a) of H.R. 4818, One Hundred Eighth Congress, as passed by the House of Representatives on July 15, 2004, and as enacted into law by Pub. L. 108–309, § 135, Sept. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 1143, provided that: ‘‘SEC. 2207. (a) The Secretary of State shall submit to the Committees on Appropriations not later than Janu- ary 5, 2004 and prior to the initial obligation of funds appropriated by this Act under the heading ‘Iraq Relief and Reconstruction Fund’ [117 Stat. 1225] a report on the proposed uses of all funds under this heading on a project-by-project basis, for which the obligation of funds is anticipated during the 3 month period from such date, including estimates by the CPA of the costs required to complete each such project: Provided, That up to 20 percent of funds appropriated under such head- ing may be obligated before the submission of the re- port: Provided further, That in addition such report shall include the following: ‘‘(1) The use of all funds on a project-by-project basis for which funds appropriated under such head- ing were obligated prior to the submission of the re- port, including estimates by the CPA of the costs re- quired to complete each project. ‘‘(2) The distribution of duties and responsibilities regarding such projects among the agencies of the United States Government. ‘‘(3) Revenues to the CPA attributable to or con- sisting of funds provided by foreign governments and international organizations, disaggregated by donor, any obligations or expenditures of such revenues, and the purpose of such obligations and expenditures. ‘‘(4) Revenues to the CPA attributable to or con- sisting of foreign assets seized or frozen, any obliga- tions or expenditures of such revenues, and the pur- pose of such obligations and expenditures. ‘‘(b) Any proposed new projects and increases in fund- ing of ongoing projects shall be reported to the Com- mittees on Appropriations in accordance with regular notification procedures. Page 564 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151 ‘‘(c) The report required by subsection (a) shall be up- dated and submitted to the Committees on Appropria- tions every 3 months and shall include information on how the estimates and assumptions contained in pre- vious reports have changed. ‘‘(d) The requirements of this section shall expire on October 1, 2007. ‘‘SEC. 2208. Any reference in this chapter [chapter 2 of title II of Pub. L. 108–106, enacting section 7554 of this title, amending sections 7518 and 7532 of this title, and enacting this note and section 2215(a) of Pub. L. 108–106, set out as a note below] to the ‘Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq’ or the ‘Coalition Provisional Au- thority’ shall be deemed to include any successor United States Government entity with the same or sub- stantially the same authorities and responsibilities as the Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq.’’ REPORTS ON IRAQI OIL PRODUCTION AND REVENUES Pub. L. 108–106, title II, § 2215(a), Nov. 6, 2003, 117 Stat. 1232, required the Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq to report, not later than 30 days after Nov. 6, 2003, and on a monthly basis until Sept. 30, 2006, Iraqi oil production and oil revenues, and uses of such revenues. REPORTS ON UNITED STATES STRATEGY FOR RELIEF AND RECONSTRUCTION IN IRAQ Pub. L. 108–11, title I, § 1506, Apr. 16, 2003, 117 Stat. 580, required the President to submit (1) not later than 45 days after Apr. 16, 2003, an initial report on United States strategy regarding post-conflict security, hu- manitarian assistance, governance, and reconstruction in Iraq undertaken as a result of Operation Iraqi Free- dom, and (2) not later than 90 days after Apr. 16, 2003, and every 90 days thereafter until Sept. 30, 2004, subse- quent reports related to reconstruction in Iraq. COMMUNITY-BASED POLICE ASSISTANCE FOR JAMAICA AND EL SALVADOR Pub. L. 108–7, div. E, title V, § 582, Feb. 20, 2003, 117 Stat. 214, provided that: ‘‘(a) AUTHORITY.—Funds made available to carry out the provisions of chapter 1 of part I [22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.] and chapter 4 of part II [22 U.S.C. 2346 et seq.] of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, may be used, not- withstanding section 660 of that Act [22 U.S.C. 2420], to enhance the effectiveness and accountability of civilian police authority in Jamaica and El Salvador through training and technical assistance in human rights, the rule of law, strategic planning, and through assistance to foster civilian police roles that support democratic governance including assistance for programs to pre- vent conflict and foster improved police relations with the communities they serve. ‘‘(b) REPORT.— ‘‘(1) The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development shall submit, at the time of submission of the agency’s Congressional Budget Justification Document for fiscal year 2004, and annually thereafter, a report to the Committees on Appropriations describing the progress these pro- grams are making toward improving police relations with the communities they serve and institutional- izing an effective community-based police program. ‘‘(2) The requirements of paragraph (1) are in lieu of the requirements contains [sic] in section 587(b) of Public Law 107–115 [see Similar Provisions note below]. ‘‘(c) NOTIFICATION.—Assistance provided under sub- section (a) shall be subject to the regular notification procedures of the Committees on Appropriations.’’ Provisions similar to section 582(a), (c) of div. E of Pub. L. 108–7 were contained in the Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropria- tions Act, 2006, Pub. L. 109–102, title V, § 564, Nov. 14, 2005, 119 Stat. 2225, and were repeated in provisions of subsequent appropriations acts which are not set out in the Code. Similar provisions were also contained in the following prior appropriations acts: Pub. L. 108–447, div. D, title V, § 564, Dec. 8, 2004, 118 Stat. 3022. Pub. L. 108–199, div. D, title V, § 573, Jan. 23, 2004, 118 Stat. 199. Pub. L. 107–115, title V, § 587, Jan. 10, 2002, 115 Stat. 2173. ASSISTANCE FOR ZIMBABWE Pub. L. 107–99, Dec. 21, 2001, 115 Stat. 962, as amended by Pub. L. 115–231, §§ 2–4, 6–8, Aug. 8, 2018, 132 Stat. 1632, 1634, provided that: ‘‘SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. ‘‘This Act may be cited as the ‘Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act of 2001’. ‘‘SEC. 2. STATEMENT OF POLICY. ‘‘It is the policy of the United States to support the people of Zimbabwe in their struggle to effect peaceful, democratic change, achieve broad-based and equitable economic growth, restore the rule of law, reconstruct and rebuild Zimbabwe, and come to terms with the past through a process of genuine reconciliation that ac- knowledges past human rights abuses and orders in- quiries into disappearances, including the disappear- ance of human rights activists, such as Patrick Nabanyama, Itai Dzamara, and Paul Chizuze. ‘‘SEC. 3. DEFINITIONS. ‘‘In this Act: ‘‘(1) INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS.—The term ‘international financial institutions’ means the multilateral development banks and the Inter- national Monetary Fund. ‘‘(2) MULTILATERAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS.—The term ‘multilateral development banks’ means the Inter- national Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the International Development Association, the International Finance Corporation, the Inter-Amer- ican Development Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the Inter-American Investment Corporation, the African Development Bank, the African Develop- ment Fund, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and the Multilateral Investment Guaranty Agency. ‘‘SEC. 4. SUPPORT FOR DEMOCRATIC TRANSITION AND ECONOMIC RECOVERY. ‘‘(a) FINDINGS.—Congress makes the following find- ings: ‘‘(1) Through economic mismanagement, undemo- cratic practices, and the private appropriation of pub- lic assets, the Government of Zimbabwe has rendered itself ineligible to participate in International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and Inter- national Monetary Fund programs, which would oth- erwise be providing substantial resources to assist in the recovery and modernization of Zimbabwe’s econ- omy. The people of Zimbabwe have thus been denied the economic and democratic benefits envisioned by the donors to such programs, including the United States. ‘‘(2) In September 1999 the IMF suspended its sup- port under a ‘Stand By Arrangement’, approved the previous month, for economic adjustment and reform in Zimbabwe. ‘‘(3) In October 1999, the International Development Association (in this section referred to as the ‘IDA’) suspended all structural adjustment loans, credits, and guarantees to the Government of Zimbabwe. ‘‘(4) In May 2000, the IDA suspended all other new lending to the Government of Zimbabwe. ‘‘(5) In September 2000, the IDA suspended disburse- ment of funds for ongoing projects under previously- approved loans, credits, and guarantees to the Gov- ernment of Zimbabwe. ‘‘(6) In October 2016, the Government of Zimbabwe cleared a small hurdle in its longstanding public sec- tor arrears with the IMF. ‘‘(b) SUPPORT FOR DEMOCRATIC TRANSITION AND ECO- NOMIC RECOVERY.— Page 565 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151 ‘‘(1) BILATERAL DEBT RELIEF.—Upon receipt by the appropriate congressional committees of a certifi- cation described in subsection (d), the Secretary of the Treasury shall undertake a review of the feasi- bility of restructuring, rescheduling, or eliminating the sovereign debt of Zimbabwe held by any agency of the United States Government. ‘‘(2) MULTILATERAL DEBT RELIEF AND OTHER FINAN- CIAL ASSISTANCE.—It is the sense of Congress that, upon receipt by the appropriate congressional com- mittees of a certification described in subsection (d), the Secretary of the Treasury should— ‘‘(A) direct the United States executive director of each multilateral development bank to support efforts to reevaluate plans to restructure, rebuild, reschedule, or eliminate Zimbabwe’s sovereign debt held by that bank and provide an analysis based on reasonable financial options to achieve those goals; and ‘‘(B) direct the United States executive director of each international financial institution to which the United States is a member to propose to under- take financial and technical support for Zimbabwe, especially support that is intended to promote Zimbabwe’s economic recovery and development, the stabilization of the Zimbabwean currency, and the viability of Zimbabwe’s democratic institu- tions. ‘‘(c) MULTILATERAL FINANCING RESTRICTION.—Until the President makes the certification described in sub- section (d), and except as may be required to meet basic human needs or for good governance, the Sec- retary of the Treasury shall instruct the United States executive director to each international financial insti- tution to oppose and vote against— ‘‘(1) any extension by the respective institution of any loan, credit, or guarantee to the Government of Zimbabwe; or ‘‘(2) any cancellation or reduction of indebtedness owed by the Government of Zimbabwe to the United States or any international financial institution. ‘‘(d) PRESIDENTIAL CERTIFICATION THAT CERTAIN CON- DITIONS ARE SATISFIED.—A certification under this sub- section is a certification transmitted to the appro- priate congressional committees of a determination made by the President that the following conditions are satisfied: ‘‘(1) RESTORATION OF THE RULE OF LAW.—The rule of law has been restored in Zimbabwe, including respect for ownership and title to property, freedom of speech and association, and an end to the lawlessness, vio- lence, and intimidation sponsored, condoned, or tol- erated by the Government of Zimbabwe, the ruling party, and their supporters or entities. ‘‘(2) ELECTION OR PRE-ELECTION CONDITIONS.—Either of the following two conditions is satisfied: ‘‘(A) PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION.—Zimbabwe has held a presidential election that is widely accepted as free and fair by independent international mon- itors, and the president-elect is free to assume the duties of the office. ‘‘(B) PRE-ELECTION CONDITIONS.—In the event the certification is made before the presidential elec- tion takes place, the Government of Zimbabwe has sufficiently improved the pre-election environment to a degree consistent with accepted international standards for security and freedom of movement and association. ‘‘(3) COMMITMENT TO EQUITABLE, LEGAL, AND TRANS- PARENT LAND REFORM.—The Government of Zimbabwe has demonstrated a commitment to an equitable, legal, and transparent land reform program. ‘‘(4) MILITARY AND NATIONAL POLICE SUBORDINATE TO CIVILIAN GOVERNMENT.—The Zimbabwean Armed Forces, the National Police of Zimbabwe, and other state security forces are responsible to and serve the elected civilian government. ‘‘(e) WAIVER.—The President may waive the provi- sions of subsection (b)(1) or subsection (c), if the Presi- dent determines that it is in the national interest of the United States to do so. ‘‘SEC. 5. SUPPORT FOR DEMOCRATIC INSTITU- TIONS, THE FREE PRESS AND INDEPENDENT MEDIA, AND THE RULE OF LAW. ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—The President is authorized to pro- vide assistance under part I [22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.] and chapter 4 of part II [22 U.S.C. 2346 et seq.] of the For- eign Assistance Act of 1961 to— ‘‘(1) support an independent and free press and elec- tronic media in Zimbabwe; ‘‘(2) support equitable, legal, and transparent mech- anisms of land reform in Zimbabwe; ‘‘(3) provide for democracy and governance pro- grams in Zimbabwe; and ‘‘(4) identify and recover stolen public assets. ‘‘(b) FUNDING.—Of the funds authorized to be appro- priated to carry out part I [22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.] and chapter 4 of part II [22 U.S.C. 2346 et seq.] of the For- eign Assistance Act of 1961 for fiscal year 2002— ‘‘(1) $20,000,000 is authorized to be available to pro- vide the assistance described in subsection (a)(2); and ‘‘(2) $6,000,000 is authorized to be available to pro- vide the assistance described in subsection (a)(3). ‘‘(c) SUPERSEDES OTHER LAWS.—The authority in this section supersedes any other provision of law. ‘‘SEC. 6. SENSE OF CONGRESS ON THE ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN AGAINST INDIVIDUALS RESPON- SIBLE FOR VIOLENCE AND THE BREAKDOWN OF THE RULE OF LAW IN ZIMBABWE. ‘‘It is the sense of Congress that the President should begin immediate consultation with the governments of European Union member states, Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, the African Union, the Southern Afri- can Development Community, and other appropriate foreign countries on ways in which to— ‘‘(1) identify and share information regarding indi- viduals responsible for the deliberate breakdown of the rule of law, politically motivated violence, and intimidation in Zimbabwe; ‘‘(2) identify assets of those individuals held outside Zimbabwe; ‘‘(3) implement travel and economic sanctions against those individuals and their associates and families; and ‘‘(4) provide for the eventual removal or amend- ment of those sanctions.’’ Provisions similar to those contained in section 4(c) of Pub. L. 107–99, set out above, were contained in the following appropriation acts: Pub. L. 118–47, div. F, title VII, § 7042(j)(1), Mar. 23, 2024, 138 Stat. 810. Pub. L. 117–328, div. K, title VII, § 7042(i)(1), Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5051. Pub. L. 117–103, div. K, title VII, § 7042(j)(1), Mar. 15, 2022, 136 Stat. 644. Pub. L. 116–260, div. K, title VII, § 7042(k)(1), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 1772. Pub. L. 116–94, div. G, title VII, § 7042(j)(1), Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 2893. Pub. L. 116–6, div. F, title VII, § 7042(h)(1), Feb. 15, 2019, 133 Stat. 344. Pub. L. 115–141, div. K, title VII, § 7042(j)(1), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 915. Pub. L. 115–31, div. J, title VII, § 7042(k)(1), May 5, 2017, 131 Stat. 671. Pub. L. 114–113, div. K, title VII, § 7042(k)(1), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2783. Pub. L. 113–235, div. J, title VII, § 7042(m)(1), Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2644. Pub. L. 113–76, div. K, title VII, § 7042(n)(1), Jan. 17, 2014, 128 Stat. 532. Pub. L. 112–74, div. I, title VII, § 7043(j)(1), Dec. 23, 2011, 125 Stat. 1230. Pub. L. 111–117, div. F, title VII, § 7070(i)(1), Dec. 16, 2009, 123 Stat. 3388. Pub. L. 111–8, div. H, title VII, § 7070(e)(1), Mar. 11, 2009, 123 Stat. 902. Pub. L. 110–161, div. J, title VI, § 673, Dec. 26, 2007, 121 Stat. 2356. Pub. L. 109–102, title V, § 572, Nov. 14, 2005, 119 Stat. 2229. Page 566 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151 Pub. L. 108–447, div. D, title V, § 580, Dec. 8, 2004, 118 Stat. 3030. Pub. L. 108–199, div. D, title V, § 557, Jan. 23, 2004, 118 Stat. 190. Pub. L. 108–7, div. E, title V, § 556, Feb. 20, 2003, 117 Stat. 202. Pub. L. 107–115, title V, § 560, Jan. 10, 2002, 115 Stat. 2162. REPORT ON RELATIONS WITH VIETNAM Pub. L. 105–277, div. G, subdiv. B, title XXVIII, § 2805, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–846, as amended by Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, § 1000(a)(7) [div. A, title II, § 209(c)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A–423, required the Secretary of State to submit a report, not later than 90 days after Oct. 21, 1998, and every 180 days thereafter during the period ending Sept. 30, 2001, regarding the Government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam’s cooperation in providing the fullest possible accounting of all unre- solved cases of prisoners of war (POWs) or persons miss- ing-in-action (MIAs), progress toward the release of all political and religious prisoners, including clergy, and cooperation with the Orderly Departure (ODP) and Re- settlement Opportunities for Vietnamese Refugees (ROVR) programs. IRAQ LIBERATION Pub. L. 105–338, Oct. 31, 1998, 112 Stat. 3178, as amend- ed by Pub. L. 108–11, title I, § 1309(b), Apr. 16, 2003, 117 Stat. 568, known as the ‘‘Iraq Liberation Act of 1998’’, contained congressional findings regarding Iraq, stated the sense of Congress that United States policy should support efforts to remove the regime headed by Sad- dam Hussein from power in Iraq and to promote the emergence of a democratic government, authorized as- sistance to support a transition to democracy in Iraq, required Presidential designation of Iraqi democratic opposition organizations eligible to receive assistance, urged establishment of a war crimes tribunal for Iraq, stated the sense of Congress that the United States should support Iraq’s transition to democracy upon re- placement of the Saddam Hussein regime, and specified that, with an exception, nothing in the Act be con- strued to authorize the use of United States Armed Forces to carry out the Act. ASSISTANCE FOR MAURITANIA Pub. L. 104–319, title II, § 202, Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3866, provided that: ‘‘(a) PROHIBITION.—The President should not provide economic assistance, military assistance or arms trans- fers to the Government of Mauritania unless the Presi- dent certifies to the Congress that such Government has taken appropriate action to eliminate chattel slav- ery in Mauritania, including— ‘‘(1) the enactment of anti-slavery laws that pro- vide appropriate punishment for violators of such laws; and ‘‘(2) the rigorous enforcement of such laws. ‘‘(b) DEFINITIONS.—For purposes of this section, the following definitions apply: ‘‘(1) ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE.—The term ‘economic as- sistance’ means any assistance under part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.), except that such term does not include humanitarian assistance. ‘‘(2) MILITARY ASSISTANCE OR ARMS TRANSFERS.—The term ‘military assistance or arms transfers’ means— ‘‘(A) assistance under chapter 2 of part II of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2311 et seq.; relating to military assistance), including the transfer of excess defense articles under sections 516 through 519 of that Act (22 U.S.C. 2321j through 2321m); ‘‘(B) assistance under chapter 5 of part II of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2347 et seq.; relating to international military education and training); ‘‘(C) assistance under the ‘Foreign Military Fi- nancing Program’ under section 23 of the Arms Ex- port Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2763); or ‘‘(D) the transfer of defense articles, defense serv- ices, or design and construction services under the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.), in- cluding defense articles and defense services li- censed or approved for export under section 38 of that Act (22 U.S.C. 2778).’’ AUTHORITY FOR ANTICRIME ASSISTANCE Pub. L. 103–447, title I, § 106, Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4694, stated policy that prevention and suppression of international criminal activities should be a priority for the United States, and, for fiscal year 1995, author- ized the President to furnish assistance to any country or international organization, on such terms and condi- tions as he determined, for the prevention and suppres- sion of international criminal activities. AFRICAN CONFLICT RESOLUTION Pub. L. 103–381, Oct. 19, 1994, 108 Stat. 3513, provided that: ‘‘SECTION. 1. SHORT TITLE. ‘‘This Act may be cited as the ‘African Conflict Reso- lution Act’. ‘‘SEC. 2. FINDINGS AND STATEMENT OF POLICY. ‘‘(a) FINDINGS.—The Congress makes the following findings: ‘‘(1) It is in the national interest of the United States to help build African capability in conflict res- olution. A relatively small investment of assistance in promoting African conflict resolution— ‘‘(A) would reduce the enormous human suffering which is caused by wars in Africa; ‘‘(B) would help the United States avoid huge fu- ture expenditures necessitated by Somalia-like hu- manitarian disasters; and ‘‘(C) would reduce the need for United Nations intervention as African institutions develop the ability to resolve African conflicts. ‘‘(2) Africa, to a greater extent than any other con- tinent, is afflicted by war. Africa has been marred by more than 20 major civil wars since 1960. Rwanda, So- malia, Angola, Sudan, Liberia, and Burundi are among those countries that have recently suffered se- rious armed conflict. ‘‘(3) In the last decade alone, between 2,000,000 and 4,000,000 Africans have died because of war. There were 5,200,000 refugees and 13,100,000 displaced people in Africa in 1993. ‘‘(4) Millions more Africans are currently at risk of war-related death. Looming or ongoing conflicts in Zaire, Angola, Sudan, Rwanda, and other countries threaten Africa’s future. ‘‘(5) War has caused untold economic and social damage to the countries of Africa. Food production is impossible in conflict areas, and famine often results. Widespread conflict has condemned many of Africa’s children to lives of misery and, in certain cases, has threatened the existence of traditional African cul- tures. ‘‘(6) Conflict and instability in Africa, particularly in large, potentially rich countries such as Angola, Sudan, and Zaire, deprive the global economy of re- sources and opportunities for trade and investment. Peace in these countries could make a significant contribution to global economic growth, while cre- ating new opportunities for United States businesses. ‘‘(7) Excessive military expenditures threaten polit- ical and economic stability in Africa while diverting scarce resources from development needs. Demobili- zation and other measures to reduce the size of Afri- can armies, and civilian control of the military under the rule of law are in the interest of international se- curity and economic development. ‘‘(8) Conflict prevention, mediation, and demobili- zation are prerequisites to the success of development assistance programs. Nutrition and education pro- grams, for example, cannot succeed in a nation at war. Billions of dollars of development assistance Page 567 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151 have been virtually wasted in war-ravaged countries such as Liberia, Somalia, and Sudan. ‘‘(9) Africans have a long tradition of informal me- diation. This tradition should be built upon to create effective institutions through which Africans can re- solve African conflicts. ‘‘(10) The effectiveness of U.S. support for conflict resolution programs requires coordination and col- laboration with multilateral institutions and other bilateral donors. ‘‘(11) African institutions are playing an active role in conflict resolution and mediation utilizing the ex- perience of elder statesmen. Groups such as the All African Council of Churches have assisted in defusing conflicts. The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has sought to address the conflict in Liberia by deploying an African peacekeeping force. The Southern African states have been working to prevent a crisis in Lesotho. The Intergovernmental Authority on Desertification and Drought (IGADD) has been engaged in attempting to resolve the con- flict in Sudan. ‘‘(12) The Organization of African Unity, under the leadership of Secretary General Salim Salim, has es- tablished a conflict resolution mechanism and has been active in mediation and conflict resolution in several African countries. ‘‘(b) UNITED STATES POLICY.—The Congress declares, therefore, that a key goal for United States foreign pol- icy should be to help institutionalize conflict resolu- tion capability in Africa. ‘‘SEC. 3. IMPROVING THE CONFLICT RESOLUTION CAPABILITIES OF THE ORGANIZATION OF AF- RICAN UNITY. ‘‘(a) AUTHORIZATION OF ASSISTANCE.—The President is authorized to provide assistance to strengthen the con- flict resolution capability of the Organization of Afri- can Unity, as follows: ‘‘(1) Funds may be provided to the Organization of African Unity for use in supporting its conflict reso- lution capability, including providing technical as- sistance. ‘‘(2) Funds may be used for expenses of sending indi- viduals with expertise in conflict resolution to work with the Organization of African Unity. ‘‘(b) FUNDING.—Of the foreign assistance funds that are allocated for sub-Saharan Africa, not less than $1,500,000 for each of the fiscal years 1995 through 1998 should be used to carry out subsection (a). ‘‘SEC. 4. IMPROVING CONFLICT RESOLUTION CAPA- BILITIES OF MULTILATERAL SUBREGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN AFRICA. ‘‘(a) AUTHORIZATION OF ASSISTANCE.—The President is authorized to provide assistance to strengthen the con- flict resolution capabilities of subregional organiza- tions established by countries in sub-Saharan Africa, as follows: ‘‘(1) Funds may be provided to such organizations for use in supporting their conflict resolution capa- bility, including providing technical assistance. ‘‘(2) Funds may be used for the expenses of sending individuals with expertise in conflict resolution to work with such organizations. ‘‘(b) FUNDING.—Of the foreign assistance funds that are allocated for sub-Saharan Africa, such sums as may be necessary for each of the fiscal years 1995 through 1998 may be used to carry out subsection (a). ‘‘SEC. 5. IMPROVING CONFLICT RESOLUTION CAPA- BILITIES OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZA- TIONS. ‘‘(a) AUTHORIZATION OF ASSISTANCE.—The President is authorized to provide assistance to nongovernmental organizations that are engaged in mediation and rec- onciliation efforts in sub-Saharan Africa. ‘‘(b) FUNDING.—Of the foreign assistance funds that are allocated for sub-Saharan Africa, such sums as may be necessary for each of the fiscal years 1995 and 1996 should be used to carry out subsection (a). ‘‘SEC. 6. AFRICAN DEMOBILIZATION AND RETRAIN- ING PROGRAM. ‘‘(a) AUTHORIZATION OF ASSISTANCE.—In order to fa- cilitate reductions in the size of the armed forces of countries of sub-Saharan Africa, the President is au- thorized to— ‘‘(1) provide assistance for the encampment and re- lated activities for the purpose of demobilization of such forces; and ‘‘(2) provide assistance for the reintegration of de- mobilized military personnel into civilian society through activities such as retraining for civilian oc- cupations, creation of income-generating opportuni- ties, their reintegration into agricultural activities, and the transportation to the home areas of such per- sonnel. ‘‘(b) FUNDING.—Of the foreign assistance funds that are allocated for sub-Saharan Africa, $25,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 1995 and 1996 should be used for the assistance described in subsection (a), if conditions permit. ‘‘(c) CIVILIAN INVOLVEMENT.—The President is also authorized to promote civilian involvement in the planning and organization of demobilization and re- integration activities. ‘‘SEC. 7. TRAINING FOR AFRICANS IN CONFLICT RESOLUTION AND PEACEKEEPING. ‘‘(a) AUTHORIZATION.—The President is authorized to establish a program to provide education and training in conflict resolution and peacekeeping for civilian and military personnel of countries in sub-Saharan Africa. ‘‘(b) FUNDING.—Of the funds made available under chapter 5 of part II of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2347 et seq.], such sums as may be nec- essary for each of the fiscal years 1995 and 1996 should be used for the purposes of subsection (a). ‘‘SEC. 8. PLAN FOR UNITED STATES SUPPORT FOR CONFLICT RESOLUTION AND DEMOBILIZATION IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA. ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—Pursuant to the provisions of sec- tions 3 through 7, the President should develop an inte- grated long-term plan, which incorporates local per- spectives, to provide support for the enhancement of conflict resolution capabilities and demobilization ac- tivities in sub-Saharan Africa. ‘‘(b) CONTENTS OF PLAN.—Such plan should include: ‘‘(1) The type, purpose, amount, and duration of as- sistance that is planned to be provided to conflict res- olution units in sub-Saharan Africa. ‘‘(2) The type and amount of assistance that is planned to be provided for the demobilization of mili- tary personnel of countries of sub-Saharan Africa, in- cluding— ‘‘(A) a list of which countries will receive such as- sistance and an explanation of why such countries were chosen for such assistance; and ‘‘(B) a list of other countries and international organizations that are providing assistance for such demobilization. ‘‘(3) The type and amount of assistance that is planned to be provided to nongovernmental organiza- tions that are engaged in mediation and reconcili- ation efforts in sub-Saharan Africa. ‘‘(4) A description of proposed training programs for Africans in conflict resolution and peacekeeping under section 7, including a list of prospective par- ticipants and plans to expand such programs. ‘‘(5) The mechanisms to be used to coordinate inter- agency efforts to administer the plan. ‘‘(6) Efforts to seek the participation of other coun- tries and international organizations to achieve the objectives of the plan. ‘‘(c) REPORT.—Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 19, 1994], the Presi- dent shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report containing a description of the plan developed under this section. ‘‘SEC. 9. REPORTING REQUIREMENT. ‘‘(a) REQUIREMENT.—The President shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report de- Page 568 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151 scribing the efforts and progress made in carrying out the provisions of this Act. ‘‘(b) DATE OF SUBMISSION.—The first report submitted under subsection (a) shall be submitted no later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 19, 1994], and shall be submitted annually there- after. ‘‘SEC. 10. CONSULTATION REQUIREMENT. ‘‘The President shall consult with the appropriate congressional committees prior to providing assistance under sections 3 through 7. ‘‘SEC. 11. APPROPRIATE CONGRESSIONAL COMMIT- TEES DEFINED. ‘‘For purposes of this Act, the term ‘appropriate con- gressional committees’ means the Committee on For- eign Affairs and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropria- tions of the Senate.’’ [Functions of President under sections 8 and 9 of Pub. L. 103–381, set out above, delegated to Administrator of the Agency for International Development by Memo- randum of President of the United States, June 6, 1995, 60 F.R. 30771.] WAIVER OF RESTRICTIONS FOR NARCOTICS-RELATED ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE Pub. L. 104–164, title I, § 133, July 21, 1996, 110 Stat. 1430, stated terms under which narcotics-related assist- ance under part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.) could be provided for fiscal years 1996 and 1997. Similar provisions were contained in the following prior acts: Pub. L. 103–447, title I, § 105, Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4694. Pub. L. 102–583, § 8, Nov. 2, 1992, 106 Stat. 4933, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 103–447, title I, § 103(a), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4693. ‘‘APPROPRIATE CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEES’’ DEFINED FOR PURPOSES OF PUB. L. 102–583 Pub. L. 102–583, § 11(b), Nov. 2, 1992, 106 Stat. 4935, pro- vided that as used in Pub. L. 102–583, the term ‘‘appro- priate congressional committees’’ had the definition given that term by section 481(e)(6) of the Foreign As- sistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2291(e)(6)), prior to repeal by Pub. L. 103–447, title I, § 103(a), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4693. IMPACT ON EMPLOYMENT IN UNITED STATES Pub. L. 102–549, title VIII, § 801, Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 3671, provided that: ‘‘No funds made available to carry out any provision of this Act [see Short Title of 1992 Amendments note above] or the amendments made by this Act may be obligated or expended for any financial incentive to a business enterprise currently located in the United States for the purpose of inducing such an enterprise to relocate outside the United States, if such incentive or inducement is likely to reduce the number of employees in the United States because United States production is being replaced by such enterprise outside the United States.’’ INTERNATIONALLY RECOGNIZED WORKER RIGHTS Pub. L. 102–549, title VIII, § 802, Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 3671, provided that: ‘‘No funds made available to carry out any provision of this Act [see Short Title of 1992 Amendments note above] or the amendments made by this Act may be obligated or expended for any project or activity that contributes to the violation of inter- nationally recognized workers rights, as defined in sec- tion 502(a)(4) of the Trade Act of 1974 [19 U.S.C. 2462(a)(4)], of workers in the recipient country, includ- ing any designated zone in that country.’’ HORN OF AFRICA RECOVERY AND FOOD SECURITY Pub. L. 102–274, Apr. 21, 1992, 106 Stat. 115, as amended by Pub. L. 110–246, title III, § 3001(b)(1)(A), (2)(R), June 18, 2008, 122 Stat. 1820, known as the Horn of Africa Re- covery and Food Security Act, provided findings of Congress concerning the Horn of Africa (the region comprised of Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan, and Djibouti), stated policy regarding individual countries, author- ized a relief and rehabilitation program, provided for a peace initiative and a food security and recovery strat- egy, prohibited security assistance to Ethiopia, Soma- lia, or Sudan for fiscal year 1992 or 1993 absent a certifi- cation by the President, required the President to sub- mit a report to Congress on the efforts and progress in carrying out Pub. L. 102–274 not later than 180 days after Apr. 21, 1992, and required additional reports. PEACE PROCESS IN LIBERIA Pub. L. 102–270, Apr. 16, 1992, 106 Stat. 106, as amended by Pub. L. 104–107, title V, § 573(a), Feb. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 749, provided: That (a) the Congress— ‘‘(1) strongly supports the peace process for Liberia initiated by the Yamoussoukro peace accord; ‘‘(2) urges all parties to abide by the terms of the Yamoussoukro agreement; ‘‘(3) commends and congratulates the governments of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) for their leadership in seeking peace in Li- beria; and ‘‘(4) extends particularly praise to President Babangida of Nigeria, President Houphouet-Boigny of Cote d’Ivoire, and President Diouf of Senegal for their efforts to resolve this conflict. ‘‘(b) AUTHORIZATION OF LIMITED ASSISTANCE.—The President is authorized to provide— ‘‘(1) nonpartisan election and democracy-building assistance to support democratic institutions in Libe- ria, and ‘‘(2) assistance for the resettlement of refugees, the demobilization and retraining of troops, and the pro- vision of other appropriate assistance: Provided, That the President determines and so cer- tifies to the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives that Li- beria has made significant progress toward democra- tization and that the provision of such assistance will assist that country in making further progress and is otherwise in the national interest of the United States. A separate determination and certification shall be re- quired for each fiscal year in which such assistance is to be provided.’’ SUSPENSION OF CERTAIN PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIES RELATING TO THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA Pub. L. 101–246, title IX, § 902, Feb. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 83, as amended by Pub. L. 102–549, title II, § 202(e), Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 3658, provided that: ‘‘(a) SUSPENSIONS.— ‘‘(1) OVERSEAS PRIVATE INVESTMENT CORPORATION.— The Overseas Private Investment Corporation [now the United States International Development Fi- nance Corporation] shall continue to suspend the issuance of any new insurance, reinsurance, guaran- tees, financing, or other financial support with re- spect to the People’s Republic of China, unless the President makes a report under subsection (b)(1) or (2) of this section. ‘‘(2) TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT AGENCY.—The Presi- dent shall suspend the obligation of funds under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [see Short Title note above] for any new activities of the Trade and Devel- opment Agency with respect to the People’s Republic of China, unless the President makes a report under subsection (b)(1) or (2) of this section. ‘‘(3) MUNITIONS EXPORT LICENSES.—(A) The issuance of licenses under section 38 of the Arms Export Con- trol Act [22 U.S.C. 2778] for the export to the People’s Republic of China of any defense article on the United States Munitions List, including helicopters and helicopter parts, shall continue to be suspended, Page 569 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151 subject to subparagraph (B), unless the President makes a report under subsection (b)(1) or (2) of this section. ‘‘(B) The suspension set forth in subparagraph (A) shall not apply to systems and components designed specifically for inclusion in civil products and con- trolled as defense articles only for purposes of export to a controlled country, unless the President deter- mines that the intended recipient of such items is the military or security forces of the People’s Republic of China. ‘‘(4) CRIME CONTROL AND DETECTION INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT.—The issuance of any license under [former] section 6(k) of the Export Administration Act of 1979 [former 50 U.S.C. 4605(k)] for the export to the People’s Republic of China of any crime control or detection instruments or equipment shall be sus- pended, unless the President makes a report under subsection (b)(1) or (2) of this section. ‘‘(5) EXPORT OF SATELLITES FOR LAUNCH BY THE PEO- PLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA.—Exports of any satellite of United States origin that is intended for launch from a launch vehicle owned by the People’s Republic of China shall remain suspended, unless the President makes a report under subsection (b)(1) or (2) of this section. ‘‘(6) NUCLEAR COOPERATION WITH THE PEOPLE’S RE- PUBLIC OF CHINA.—(A) Any— ‘‘(i) application for a license under the Export Ad- ministration Act of 1979 [50 U.S.C. 4601 et seq.] for the export to the People’s Republic of China for use in a nuclear production or utilization facility of any goods or technology which, as determined under section 309(c) of the Nuclear Non-Prolifera- tion Act of 1978 [42 U.S.C. 2139a(c)], could be of sig- nificance for nuclear explosive purposes, or which, in the judgment of the President, is likely to be di- verted for use in such a facility, for any nuclear ex- plosive device, or for research on or development of any nuclear explosive device, shall be suspended, ‘‘(ii) application for a license for the export to the People’s Republic of China of any nuclear material, facilities, or components subject to the Agreement shall be suspended, ‘‘(iii) approval for the transfer or retransfer to the People’s Republic of China of any nuclear mate- rial, facilities, or components subject to the Agree- ment shall not be given, and ‘‘(iv) specific authorization for assistance in any activities with respect to the People’s Republic of China relating to the use of nuclear energy under section 57b.(2) of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 [42 U.S.C. 2077(b)(2)] shall not be given, until the conditions specified in subparagraph (B) are met. ‘‘(B) Subparagraph (A) applies until— ‘‘(i) the President certifies to the Congress that the People’s Republic of China has provided clear and unequivocal assurances to the United States that it is not assisting and will not assist any non- nuclear-weapon state, either directly or indirectly, in acquiring nuclear explosive devices or the mate- rials and components for such devices; ‘‘(ii) the President makes the certifications and submits the report required by Public Law 99–183 [Dec. 16, 1985, 99 Stat. 1174]; and ‘‘(iii) the President makes a report under sub- section (b)(1) or (2) of this section. ‘‘(C) For purposes of this paragraph, the term ‘Agreement’ means the Agreement for Cooperation Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the People’s Repub- lic of China Concerning Peaceful Uses of Nuclear En- ergy (done on July 23, 1985). ‘‘(7) LIBERALIZATION OF EXPORT CONTROLS.—(A) The President shall negotiate with the governments par- ticipating in the group known as the Coordinating Committee (COCOM) to suspend, on a multilateral basis, any liberalization by the Coordinating Com- mittee of controls on exports of goods and technology to the People’s Republic of China under [former] sec- tion 5 of the Export Administration Act of 1979 [former 50 U.S.C. 4604], including— ‘‘(i) the implementation of bulk licenses for ex- ports to the People’s Republic of China; and ‘‘(ii) the raising of the performance levels of goods or technology below which no authority or permission to export to the People’s Republic of China would be required. ‘‘(B) The President shall oppose any liberalization by the Coordinating Committee of controls which is described in subparagraph (A)(ii), until the end of the 6-month period beginning on the date of enactment of this Act [Feb. 16, 1990] or until the President makes a report under subsection (b)(1) or (2) of this section, whichever occurs first. ‘‘(b) TERMINATION OF SUSPENSIONS.—A report referred to in subsection (a) is a report by the President to the Congress either— ‘‘(1) that the Government of the People’s Republic of China has made progress on a program of political reform throughout the country, including Tibet, which includes— ‘‘(A) lifting of martial law; ‘‘(B) halting of executions and other reprisals against individuals for the nonviolent expression of their political beliefs; ‘‘(C) release of political prisoners; ‘‘(D) increased respect for internationally recog- nized human rights, including freedom of expres- sion, the press, assembly, and association; and ‘‘(E) permitting a freer flow of information, in- cluding an end to the jamming of Voice of America and greater access for foreign journalists; or ‘‘(2) that it is in the national interest of the United States to terminate a suspension under subsection (a)(1), (2), (3), (4), or (5), to terminate a suspension or disapproval under subsection (a)(6), or to terminate the opposition required by subsection (a)(7), as the case may be. ‘‘(c) REPORTING REQUIREMENT.—Sixty days after the date of enactment of this Act [Feb. 16, 1990], the Presi- dent shall submit to the Congress a report on— ‘‘(1) any steps taken by the Government of China to achieve the objectives described in subsection (b)(1); ‘‘(2) the effect of multilateral sanctions on political and economic developments in China and on China’s international economic relations; ‘‘(3) the impact of the President’s actions described in section 901(a)(9) [Pub. L. 101–246, title IX, Feb. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 80] and of the suspensions under sub- section (a) of this section on— ‘‘(A) political and economic developments in China; ‘‘(B) the standard of living of the Chinese people; ‘‘(C) relations between the United States and China; and ‘‘(D) the actions taken by China to promote a set- tlement in Cambodia which will ensure Cambodian independence, facilitate an act of self-determina- tion by the Cambodian people, and prevent the Khmer Rouge from returning to exclusive power; ‘‘(4) the status of programs and activities suspended under subsection (a); and ‘‘(5) the additional measures taken by the President under section 901(c) if repression in China deepens.’’ [Certification of President under section 902(a)(6)(B)(i) of Pub. L. 101–246, set out above, provided in Determination of President of the United States, No. 98–10, Jan. 12, 1998, 63 F.R. 3447.] LIMITATION ON ASSISTANCE TO PANAMANIAN DEFENSE FORCE Pub. L. 100–456, div. A, title XIII, § 1302, Sept. 29, 1988, 102 Stat. 2060, prohibited the President from using ap- propriated funds to provide assistance to the Panama- nian Defense Force, with such limitation to cease to apply upon a certification of certain conditions by the President to Congress. Page 570 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151 CODIFICATION OF POLICY PROHIBITING NEGOTIATIONS WITH THE PALESTINE LIBERATION ORGANIZATION Pub. L. 99–83, title XIII, § 1302, Aug. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 280, as amended by Pub. L. 101–246, title I, § 108, Feb. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 21, provided that: ‘‘(a) UNITED STATES POLICY.—The United States in 1975 declared in a memorandum of agreement with Israel, and has reaffirmed since, that ‘The United States will continue to adhere to its present policy with respect to the Palestine Liberation Organization, whereby it will not recognize or negotiate with the Pal- estine Liberation Organization so long as the Palestine Liberation Organization does not recognize Israel’s right to exist and does not accept Security Council Resolutions 242 and 338.’. ‘‘(b) REAFFIRMATION AND CODIFICATION OF POLICY.— The United States hereby reaffirms that policy. In ac- cordance with that policy, no officer or employee of the United States Government and no agent or other indi- vidual acting on behalf of the United States Govern- ment shall negotiate with the Palestine Liberation Or- ganization or any representatives thereof (except in emergency or humanitarian situations) unless and until the Palestine Liberation Organization recognizes Israel’s right to exist, accepts United Nations Security Council Resolutions 242 and 338, and renounces the use of terrorism, except that no funds authorized to be ap- propriated by this or any other Act may be obligated or made available for the conduct of the current dialogue on the Middle East peace process with any representa- tive of the Palestine Liberation Organization if the President knows and advises the Congress that that representative directly participated in the planning or execution of a particular terrorist activity which re- sulted in the death or kidnapping of a United States citizen.’’ OBLIGATION OR EXPENDITURE OF FUNDS FOR PLANNING, ETC., MINING OF THE PORTS OR TERRITORIAL WATERS OF NICARAGUA Pub. L. 98–369, div. B, title IX, § 2907, July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 1210, provided that: ‘‘It is the sense of the Con- gress that no funds heretofore or hereafter appro- priated in any Act of Congress shall be obligated or ex- pended for the purpose of planning, directing, exe- cuting, or supporting the mining of the ports or terri- torial waters of Nicaragua.’’ PROHIBITION ON CERTAIN ASSISTANCE TO THE KHMER ROUGE IN KAMPUCHEA Pub. L. 98–164, title X, § 1005, Nov. 22, 1983, 97 Stat. 1058, prohibited the obligation or expenditure of funds to promote, sustain, or augment the capacity of the Khmer Rouge or any of its members to conduct mili- tary or paramilitary operations in Kampuchea (now Cambodia) or elsewhere in Indochina. TERMINATION OF NONRECURRING ACTIVITIES UNDER FOREIGN ASSISTANCE ACT OF 1961 AND REMOVAL FROM LAW Pub. L. 97–113, title VII, § 734(c), Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1561, provided that: ‘‘Except as otherwise explicitly pro- vided by their terms, amendments to the Foreign As- sistance Act of 1961 [see Short Title note above] and the Arms Export Control Act [see Short Title note set out under section 2751 of this title] which are applicable only to a single fiscal or calendar year or which require reports or other actions on a nonrecurring basis shall be deemed to have expired and shall be removed from law upon the expiration of the applicable time periods for the fulfillment of the required actions.’’ ASSISTANCE FOR PANAMA Pub. L. 101–167, title V, § 561, Nov. 21, 1989, 103 Stat. 1239, prohibited United States assistance for programs, projects, or activities which would assist or lend sup- port for the Noriega regime or ministries of govern- ment under the control of the Noriega regime, prohib- ited use of appropriated funds to finance any participa- tion of the United States in joint military exercises conducted in Panama during the fiscal year 1990, and directed the Secretary of the Treasury to instruct the United States Executive Directors to the International Financial Institutions to vote against any loan to Pan- ama unless the President had certified that certain conditions had been met. Similar provisions were contained in the following prior appropriation acts: Pub. L. 100–461, title V, § 564, Oct. 1, 1988, 102 Stat. 2268–40. Pub. L. 100–202, § 101(e) [title V, § 570], Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1329–131, 1329–174. Pub. L. 96–92, § 28, Oct. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 711. [Repealed by Pub. L. 97–113, title VII, § 734(a)(11), Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1560.] FINAL ACCOUNTING OF AMERICANS MISSING IN ACTION IN VIETNAM Pub. L. 95–426, title VII, § 705, Oct. 7, 1978, 92 Stat. 992, as amended by Pub. L. 97–241, title V, § 505(a)(2), (b)(2), Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 299, provided that: ‘‘The President shall continue to take all possible steps to obtain a final accounting of all Americans missing in action in Vietnam.’’ Similar provisions were contained in the following acts: Pub. L. 95–105, title V, § 505, Aug. 17, 1977, 91 Stat. 858, as amended by Pub. L. 97–241, title V, § 505(a)(3), (b)(2), Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 299. Pub. L. 95–88, title I, § 132, Aug. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 544, as amended by Pub. L. 97–113, title VII, § 734(a)(6), Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1560. PLAN FOR INCREASED MINORITY BUSINESS PARTICIPA- TION IN FOREIGN ASSISTANCE ACTIVITIES; MINORITY RESOURCE CENTER SECTION AS IMPLEMENTING ADMIN- ISTRATIVE UNIT; FUNCTIONS, DUTIES, ETC., OF CEN- TER Pub. L. 95–88, title I, § 133, Aug. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 544, as amended by Pub. L. 96–53, title I, § 123, Aug. 14, 1979, 93 Stat. 366; Pub. L. 97–113, title VII, § 734(a)(6), Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1560, provided that (1) the Administrator of the agency primarily responsible for administering part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.) was to prepare and transmit to the Con- gress, not later than 30 days after Aug. 3, 1977, a de- tailed plan for the establishment of a section on minor- ity business within such agency; and (2) upon the en- actment of the International Development Cooperation Act of 1979 (Aug. 14, 1979), the section on minority busi- ness so established was to be redesignated as the Mi- nority Resource Center and was to be responsible for assisting economically and socially disadvantaged busi- nesses. USE OF ACCRUED FOREIGN CURRENCIES Pub. L. 93–189, § 40, Dec. 18, 1973, 87 Stat. 736, provided that: ‘‘Effective July 1, 1974, no amount of any foreign currency (including principal and interest from loan re- payments) which accrues in connection with any sale for foreign currency under any provision of law may be used under any agreement entered into after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 17, 1973], or any revi- sion or extension entered into after such date of any prior or subsequent agreement, to provide any assist- ance to any foreign country to procure equipment, ma- terials, facilities, or services for the common defense, including internal security, unless such agreement is specifically authorized by legislation enacted after such date.’’ RELIGIOUS FREEDOM AND PERSECUTION Pub. L. 88–633, pt. V, § 501, Oct. 7, 1964, 78 Stat. 1015, provided that: ‘‘It is the sense of the Congress that the United States deeply believes in the freedom of religion for all people and is opposed to infringement of this freedom anywhere in the world. The Congress con- demns the persecution of any persons because of their Page 571 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151 religion. It is further the sense of Congress that all per- sons should be permitted the free exercise of religion and the pursuit of their culture.’’ COMMUNIST REGIME IN CHINA Pub. L. 91–194, title I, § 105, Feb. 9, 1970, 84 Stat. 7, re- lated to Congressional opposition to the seating in the United Nations of the Communist regime in China as the representative of China, and requested the Presi- dent, in the event of the seating of representatives of the Chinese Communist regime in the Security Council or the General Assembly of the United Nations, to in- form the Congress of the implications of the seating upon the foreign policy of the United States. Similar provisions were contained in the following prior acts: Oct. 17, 1968, Pub. L. 90–581, title I, § 105, 82 Stat. 1139. Jan. 2, 1968, Pub. L. 90–249, title I, § 105, 81 Stat. 938. Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–691, title I, § 105, 80 Stat. 1020. Oct. 20, 1965, Pub. L. 89–273, title I, § 105, 79 Stat. 1003. Oct. 7, 1964, Pub. L. 88–634, title I, § 105, 78 Stat. 1017. Jan. 6, 1964, Pub. L. 88–258, title I, § 105, 77 Stat. 858. Oct. 23, 1962, Pub. L. 87–872, title I, § 105, 76 Stat. 1164. Sept. 30, 1961, Pub. L. 87–329, title I, § 107, 75 Stat. 718. Sept. 2, 1960, Pub. L. 86–704, title I, § 107, 74 Stat. 779. Sept. 28, 1959, Pub. L. 86–383, title I, § 112, 73 Stat. 720. Aug. 28, 1958, Pub. L. 85–853, § 105, 72 Stat. 1101. Sept. 3, 1957, Pub. L. 85–279, § 109, 71 Stat. 604. July 31, 1956, ch. 803, § 108, 70 Stat. 735. July 8, 1955, ch. 301, § 12, 69 Stat. 290 (repealed by Pub. L. 87–195, pt. III, § 642(a)(3), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460). DEFINITION OF ‘‘USAID’’ Pub. L. 117–103, div. K, title VII, § 7034(t)(6), Mar. 15, 2022, 136 Stat. 627, provided that: ‘‘In this Act [div. K of Pub. L. 117–103, 136 Stat. 564, see Tables for classifica- tion], the term ‘USAID’ means the United States Agen- cy for International Development.’’ DEFINITIONS Pub. L. 110–53, title XX, § 2002, Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 508, provided that: ‘‘In this title [see Short Title of 2007 Amendment note above], except as otherwise provided, the term ‘appropriate congressional committees’— ‘‘(1) means— ‘‘(A) the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Rep- resentatives; and ‘‘(B) the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate; and ‘‘(2) includes, for purposes of subtitle D [subtitle D (§§ 2041–2043) of title XX of Pub. L. 110–53, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 2375, 2656, and 7511 of this title], the Committees on Armed Services of the House of Representatives and of the Senate.’’ Pub. L. 107–228, div. B, title X, § 1002, Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1425, provided that: ‘‘In this division [see Tables for classification]: ‘‘(1) DEFENSE ARTICLE.—The term ‘defense article’ has the meaning given the term in section 47(3) of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2794 note [22 U.S.C. 2794]). ‘‘(2) DEFENSE SERVICE.—The term ‘defense service’ has the meaning given the term in section 47(4) of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2794 note [22 U.S.C. 2794]). ‘‘(3) EXCESS DEFENSE ARTICLE.—The term ‘excess de- fense article’ has the meaning given the term in sec- tion 644(g) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2403(g)).’’ Executive Documents EX. ORD. NO. 13595. INSTITUTING A NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON WOMEN, PEACE, AND SECURITY Ex. Ord. No. 13595, Dec. 19, 2011, 76 F.R. 80205, pro- vided: By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows: SECTION 1. Policy. (a) The United States recognizes that promoting women’s participation in conflict pre- vention, management, and resolution, as well as in post-conflict relief and recovery, advances peace, na- tional security, economic and social development, and international cooperation. (b) The United States recognizes the responsibility of all nations to protect their populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against hu- manity, including when implemented by means of sex- ual violence. The United States further recognizes that sexual violence, when used or commissioned as a tactic of war or as a part of a widespread or systematic attack against civilians, can exacerbate and prolong armed conflict and impede the restoration of peace and secu- rity. (c) It shall be the policy and practice of the executive branch of the United States to have a National Action Plan on Women, Peace, and Security (National Action Plan). SEC. 2. National Action Plan. A National Action Plan shall be created pursuant to the process outlined in Presidential Policy Directive 1 and shall identify and develop activities and initiatives in the following areas: (a) National integration and institutionalization. Through interagency coordination, policy development, enhanced professional training and education, and eval- uation, the United States Government will institu- tionalize a gender-responsive approach to its diplo- matic, development, and defense-related work in con- flict-affected environments. (b) Participation in peace processes and decisionmaking. The United States Government will improve the pros- pects for inclusive, just, and sustainable peace by pro- moting and strengthening women’s rights and effective leadership and substantive participation in peace proc- esses, conflict prevention, peacebuilding, transitional processes, and decisionmaking institutions in conflict- affected environments. (c) Protection from violence. The United States Govern- ment will strengthen its efforts to prevent—and protect women and children from—harm, exploitation, dis- crimination, and abuse, including sexual and gender- based violence and trafficking in persons, and to hold perpetrators accountable in conflict-affected environ- ments. (d) Conflict prevention. The United States Government will promote women’s roles in conflict prevention, im- prove conflict early-warning and response systems through the integration of gender perspectives, and in- vest in women and girls’ health, education, and eco- nomic opportunity to create conditions for stable soci- eties and lasting peace. (e) Access to relief and recovery. The United States Government will respond to the distinct needs of women and children in conflict-affected disasters and crises, including by providing safe, equitable access to humanitarian assistance. SEC. 3. Responsibility of Executive Departments and Agencies. (a) Executive departments and agencies (agen- cies) shall maintain a current awareness of U.S. policy with regard to Women, Peace, and Security, as set out in the National Action Plan, as it is relevant to their functions, and shall perform such functions so as to re- spect and implement that policy fully, while retaining their established institutional roles in the implementa- tion, interpretation, and enforcement of Federal law. (b) The Secretary of State, the Secretary of Defense, and the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development shall each: (i) designate one or more officers, as appropriate, as responsible for coordinating and implementing the Na- tional Action Plan; (ii) within 150 days of the date of the release of the National Action Plan, develop and submit to the As- sistant to the President and National Security Advisor an agency-specific implementation plan that will iden- tify the actions each agency plans to take to imple- ment the National Action Plan; and Page 572 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151 (iii) execute their agency-specific implementation plans, and monitor and report to the Assistant to the President and National Security Advisor on such exe- cution. SEC. 4. Interagency Process. The Assistant to the President and National Security Advisor shall, con- sistent with Presidential Policy Directive 1 or any suc- cessor documents, establish an interagency process for coordinating the implementation of this order, which shall, inter alia: (a) coordinate implementation of the National Action Plan and agency-specific implementation plans as spec- ified in section 3(b) of this order; (b) establish a mechanism for agencies to report progress in implementing the National Action Plan and agency-specific implementation plans, as appropriate and as specified in section 3(b), and in meeting the ob- jectives of this order, which the Assistant to the Presi- dent and National Security Advisor shall draw upon to provide an annual report to the President; (c) coordinate a comprehensive periodic review of, and update to, the National Action Plan. The review of, and update to, the National Action Plan will be in- formed by consultation with relevant civil society or- ganizations. The first review will take place in 2015; and (d) consider and implement other revisions to the Na- tional Action Plan, as necessary. SEC. 5. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) authority granted by law to an agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) functions of the Director of the Office of Manage- ment and Budget relating to budgetary, administra- tive, or legislative proposals. (b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appro- priations. (c) Independent agencies are strongly encouraged to comply with this order. (d) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforce- able at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person. BARACK OBAMA. EX. ORD. NO. 13600. ESTABLISHING THE PRESIDENT’S GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL Ex. Ord. No. 13600, Feb. 9, 2012, 77 F.R. 8713, as amend- ed by Ex. Ord. No. 13652, § 7, Sept. 30, 2013, 78 F.R. 61819, provided: By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows: SECTION 1. Policy. To help protect national security and further American economic, humanitarian, and strategic interests in the world, it is the policy of the Federal Government to promote and elevate develop- ment as a core pillar of American power and chart a course for development, diplomacy, and defense to rein- force and complement one another. As stated in the 2010 National Security Strategy and the Presidential Policy Directive on Global Development, the successful pursuit of development is essential to advancing our national security objectives: security, prosperity, re- spect for universal values, and a just and sustainable international order. The effectiveness of this develop- ment policy will depend in large measure on how we en- gage with partners, beneficiaries of our development assistance, and stakeholders. We will use evidence- based decision-making in all areas of U.S. development policy and programs, and we commit to foster develop- ment expertise and learning worldwide. SEC. 2. Establishment. There is established the Presi- dent’s Global Development Council (Council). The Council shall be established for administrative pur- poses within the United States Agency for Inter- national Development (USAID) subject to the foreign policy and budgetary guidance of the Secretary of State. SEC. 3. Membership. The membership of the Council shall be as follows: (a) The Council shall be composed of the officials de- scribed in paragraph (b) of this section and not more than 12 individuals from outside the Federal Govern- ment appointed by the President. Appointed members of the Council may serve as representatives of a variety of sectors, including, among others, institutions of higher education, non-profit and philanthropic organi- zations, civil society, and private industry. (b) The Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of Defense, the USAID Admin- istrator, the Chief Executive Officer of the Millennium Challenge Corporation, the United States Trade Rep- resentative, and the Chief Executive Officer of the Overseas Private Investment Corporation [now the United States International Development Finance Cor- poration] shall serve as non-voting members of the Council and may designate, to perform the Council functions of the member, a senior-level official who is part of the member’s department, agency, or office, and who is a full-time officer or employee of the Federal Government. (c) The President shall designate a member of the Council to serve as Chair and another member to serve as Vice Chair. The Chair shall convene and preside at meetings of the Council, determine meeting agendas, and direct its work. The Vice Chair shall perform the duties of the Chair in the absence of the Chair and shall perform such other functions as the Chair may assign. (d) The term of office of members appointed by the President from outside the Federal Government shall be 2 years, and such members shall be eligible for re- appointment and may continue to serve after the expi- ration of their terms until the President appoints a successor. A member appointed to fill a vacancy shall serve only for the unexpired term of such vacancy. SEC. 4. Mission and Functions. The Council shall ad- vise and support the President, through the National Security Staff and the National Economic Council staff, in furtherance of the policy set forth in section 1 of this order. The Council shall meet regularly and shall: (a) inform the policy and practice of U.S. global de- velopment policy and programs by providing advice to the President and other senior officials on issues in- cluding: (i) innovative, scalable approaches to development with proven demonstrable impact, particularly on sus- tainable economic growth and good governance; (ii) areas for enhanced collaboration between the Federal Government and public and private sectors to advance development policy; (iii) best practices for and effectiveness of research and development in low and middle income economies; and (iv) long-term solutions to issues central to strategic planning for U.S. development efforts; (b) support new and existing public-private partner- ships by: (i) identifying key areas for enhanced collaboration and any barriers to collaboration; and (ii) recommending concrete efforts that the private and public sectors together can take to promote eco- nomic development priorities and initiatives; and (c) increase awareness and action in support of devel- opment by soliciting public input on current and emerging issues in the field of global development as well as bringing to the President’s attention concerns and ideas that would inform policy options. SEC. 5. Administration of the Council. (a) The heads of executive departments and agencies shall assist and provide information to the Council, consistent with ap- plicable law, as may be necessary to carry out the func- tions of the Council. (b) Funding and administrative support for the Coun- cil shall be provided by USAID to the extent permitted by law and within existing appropriations. Page 573 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151 (c) The USAID Administrator shall appoint an Execu- tive Director who shall be a Federal officer or employee of USAID and serve as a liaison to the Administrator and the Executive Office of the President and consult with relevant executive departments, agencies, and of- fices on administrative matters and activities per- taining to the Council. (d) The members of the Council who are appointed from outside the Federal Government shall serve with- out compensation for their work on the Council. Mem- bers of the Council may, however, receive travel ex- penses, including per diem in lieu of subsistence, as au- thorized by law for persons serving intermittently in the Government service (5 U.S.C. 5701–5707). (e) Insofar as the Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA), as amended ([former] 5 U.S.C. App.) [see 5 U.S.C. 1001 et seq.], may apply to the Council, any func- tions of the President under FACA, except that of re- porting to the Congress, shall be performed by the USAID Administrator in accordance with the guide- lines issued by the Administrator of General Services. SEC. 6. Termination. The Council shall terminate 2 years after the date of this order, unless renewed by the President. SEC. 7. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) authority granted by law to a department or agen- cy, or the head thereof; or (ii) functions of the Director of the Office of Manage- ment and Budget relating to budgetary, administra- tive, or legislative proposals. (b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appro- priations. (c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforce- able at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person. BARACK OBAMA. [Reference to the National Security Staff deemed to be a reference to the National Security Council Staff, see Ex. Ord. No. 13657, set out as a note under section 3021 of Title 50, War and National Defense.] EXTENSION OF TERM OF PRESIDENT’S GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL Term of President’s Global Development Council ex- tended until Sept. 30, 2017, by Ex. Ord. No. 13708, Sept. 30, 2015, 80 F.R. 60271, formerly set out as a note under section 1013 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. Previous extension of term of the President’s Global Development Council was contained in the following prior Executive Order: Ex. Ord. No. 13652, Sept. 30, 2013, 78 F.R. 61817, ex- tended term until Sept. 30, 2015. EX. ORD. NO. 13623. PREVENTING AND RESPONDING TO VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS GLOBALLY Ex. Ord. No. 13623, Aug. 10, 2012, 77 F.R. 49345, pro- vided: By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows: SECTION 1. Policy. (a) Recognizing that gender-based violence undermines not only the safety, dignity, and human rights of the millions of individuals who experi- ence it, but also the public health, economic stability, and security of nations, it is the policy and practice of the executive branch of the United States Government to have a multi-year strategy that will more effec- tively prevent and respond to gender-based violence globally. (b) Under the leadership of my Administration, the United States has made gender equality and women’s empowerment a core focus of our foreign policy. This focus is reflected in our National Security Strategy, the Presidential Policy Directive on Global Develop- ment, and the 2010 U.S. Quadrennial Diplomacy and De- velopment Review. Evidence demonstrates that wom- en’s empowerment is critical to building stable, demo- cratic societies; to supporting open and accountable governance; to furthering international peace and secu- rity; to growing vibrant market economies; and to ad- dressing pressing health and education challenges. (c) Preventing and responding to gender-based vio- lence is a cornerstone of my Administration’s commit- ment to advance gender equality and women’s em- powerment. Such violence significantly hinders the ability of individuals to fully participate in, and con- tribute to, their communities—economically, politi- cally, and socially. It is a human rights violation or abuse; a public health challenge; and a barrier to civic, social, political, and economic participation. It is asso- ciated with adverse health outcomes, limited access to education, increased costs relating to medical and legal services, lost household productivity, and reduced in- come, and there is evidence it is exacerbated in times of crisis, such as emergencies, natural disasters, and violent conflicts. (d) The executive branch multi-year strategy for pre- venting and responding to gender-based violence is set forth in the United States Strategy to Prevent and Re- spond to Gender-based Violence Globally (Strategy). The Strategy both responds to and expands upon the re- quest in section 7061 of House conference report 112–331 accompanying the Department of State, Foreign Oper- ations, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 2012 (Division I of Public Law 112–74), for the executive branch to develop a multi-year strategy to prevent and respond to violence against women and girls in coun- tries where it is common. SEC. 2. Creating an Interagency Working Group. There is established an Interagency Working Group (Working Group) to address gender-based violence, which shall coordinate implementation of the Strategy by the ex- ecutive departments and agencies that are members of the Working Group (member agencies) in accordance with the priorities set forth in section 3 of this order. (a) The Working Group shall be co-chaired by the Secretary of State and the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development (Co- Chairs). In addition to the Co-Chairs, the Working Group shall consist of representatives from: (i) the Department of the Treasury; (ii) the Department of Defense; (iii) the Department of Justice; (iv) the Department of Labor; (v) the Department of Health and Human Services; (vi) the Department of Homeland Security; (vii) the Office of Management and Budget; (viii) the National Security Staff; (ix) the Office of the Vice President; (x) the Peace Corps; (xi) the Millennium Challenge Corporation; (xii) the White House Council on Women and Girls; and (xiii) other executive departments, agencies, and of- fices, as designated by the Co-Chairs. (b) Within 120 days of the date of this order, the Co- Chairs shall convene the first meeting of the Working Group to: (i) establish benchmarks to implement the Strat- egy; and (ii) determine a timetable for periodically review- ing those benchmarks. (c) Within 18 months of the date of this order, the Working Group shall complete a progress report for submission to the Co-Chairs evaluating the U.S. Gov- ernment’s implementation of the Strategy. (d) Within 3 years of the date of this order, the Work- ing Group shall complete a final evaluation for submis- sion to the Co-Chairs of the U.S. Government’s imple- mentation of the Strategy. (e) Within 180 days of completing its final evaluation of the Strategy in accordance with subsection (d) of this section, the Working Group shall update or revise the Strategy to take into account the information Page 574 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151 learned and the progress made during and through the implementation of the Strategy. (f) The activities of the Working Group shall, con- sistent with law, take due account of existing inter- agency bodies and coordination mechanisms and will coordinate with such bodies and mechanisms where ap- propriate in order to avoid duplication of efforts. SEC. 3. Strategy to Prevent and Respond to Gender-based Violence Globally. Member agencies shall implement the Strategy to prevent and respond to gender-based vio- lence globally based on the following priorities re- flected in the Strategy: (a) Increasing Coordination of Gender-based Violence Prevention and Response Efforts Among U.S. Government Agencies and with Other Stakeholders. (i) Member agencies shall draw upon each other’s expertise, responsibility, and capacity to provide a comprehensive and multi-faceted approach to issues relating to gender-based violence. (ii) Member agencies shall deepen engagement and coordination with other governments; international organizations, including multilateral and bilateral actors; the private sector; and civil society organiza- tions, such as representatives of indigenous and marginalized groups, foundations, community-based, faith-based, and regional organizations (including those that serve survivors), labor unions, univer- sities, and research organizations. The Working Group shall consider a range of mechanisms by which these stakeholders may provide input to the U.S. Government on its role in preventing and responding to gender-based violence globally. (b) Enhancing Integration of Gender-based Violence Pre- vention and Response Efforts into Existing U.S. Govern- ment Work. Member agencies shall more comprehen- sively integrate gender-based violence prevention and response programming into their foreign policy and foreign assistance efforts. This integration shall also build on current efforts that address gender-based vio- lence, such as the U.S. National Action Plan on Women, Peace, and Security; the Global Health Initia- tive; the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief; the U.S. Government’s work to counter trafficking in persons; and the U.S. Government’s humanitarian re- sponse efforts. The Working Group shall coordinate these different efforts as they relate to gender-based vi- olence to leverage the most effective programs and to avoid duplication. (c) Improving Collection, Analysis, and Use of Data and Research to Enhance Gender-based Violence Prevention and Response Efforts. Member agencies shall work to promote ethical and safe research, data collection, and evidence-based analyses relating to different forms of gender-based violence and prevention and response ef- forts at the country and local level. This work will in- clude the development of a research agenda that as- sesses agencies’ research and data collection capabili- ties, needs, and gaps; builds upon existing data and re- search; and is coordinated with the work of other orga- nizations that are prioritizing global gender-based vio- lence research. Member agencies shall prioritize the monitoring and evaluation of gender-based violence prevention and response interventions to determine their effectiveness. Member agencies shall systemati- cally identify and share best practices, lessons learned, and research within and across agencies. Member agen- cies, as appropriate, shall seek to develop public-pri- vate partnerships to support U.S. Government research initiatives and strategic planning efforts. (d) Enhancing or Expanding U.S. Government Program- ming that Addresses Gender-based Violence. Consistent with the availability of appropriations, the U.S. Gov- ernment shall support programming that provides a comprehensive and multi-sector approach to pre- venting and responding to gender-based violence; shall consider replicating or expanding successful programs; and shall assess the feasibility of a focused, coordi- nated, comprehensive, and multi-sector approach to gender-based violence in one or more countries. SEC. 4. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive de- partment, agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, ad- ministrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appro- priations. (c) Independent agencies are strongly encouraged to comply with this order. (d) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforce- able at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person. BARACK OBAMA. [Reference to the National Security Staff deemed to be a reference to the National Security Council Staff, see Ex. Ord. No. 13657, set out as a note under section 3021 of Title 50, War and National Defense.] EX. ORD. NO. 13677. CLIMATE-RESILIENT INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT Ex. Ord. No. 13677, Sept. 23, 2014, 79 F.R. 58231, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 13693, § 16(g), Mar. 19, 2015, 80 F.R. 15881, provided: By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, and to safeguard security and economic growth, protect the sustainability and long-term dura- bility of U.S. development work in vulnerable coun- tries, and promote sound decisionmaking and risk man- agement, it is hereby ordered as follows: SECTION 1. Policy. The world must reduce greenhouse gas emissions to prevent the most dangerous con- sequences of climate change. Even with increased ef- forts to curb these emissions, we must prepare for and adapt to the impacts of climate change. The adverse impacts of climate change, including sea-level rise, in- creases in temperatures, more frequent extreme pre- cipitation and heat events, more severe droughts, and increased wildfire activity, along with other impacts of greenhouse gas emissions, such as ocean acidification, threaten to roll back decades of progress in reducing poverty and improving economic growth in vulnerable countries, compromise the effectiveness and resilience of U.S. development assistance, degrade security, and risk intranational and international conflict over re- sources. Several Executive Orders have established a strong foundation for coordinated and consistent action to in- corporate climate-resilience considerations into poli- cies and procedures throughout the Federal Govern- ment. Executive departments and agencies (agencies) with international development programs must now build upon the recent progress made pursuant to these orders by systematically factoring climate-resilience considerations into international development strate- gies, planning, programming, investments, and related funding decisions, including the planning for and man- agement of overseas facilities. This order requires the integration of climate-resil- ience considerations into all United States inter- national development work to the extent permitted by law. Dedicated U.S. climate-change adaptation funds are critical to managing the risks posed by climate- change impacts in vulnerable countries. Coping with the magnitude of the consequences of accelerating cli- mate change also requires enhanced efforts across the Federal Government’s broader international develop- ment work. Consideration of current and future cli- mate-change impacts will improve the resilience of the Federal Government’s broader international develop- ment programs, projects, investments, overseas facili- ties, and related funding decisions. The United States will also promote a similar approach among relevant multilateral entities in which it participates. By taking these steps and more fully considering cur- rent and future climate-change impacts, the United Page 575 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151 States will foster better decision-making processes and risk-management approaches, ensure the effectiveness of U.S. investments, and assist other countries in inte- grating climate-resilience considerations into their own development planning and implementation. Collec- tively, these efforts will help to better optimize broad- er international development work and lead to en- hanced global preparedness for and resilience to cli- mate change. The international climate-resilience actions required by this order complement efforts by the Federal Gov- ernment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions at home and globally. The more greenhouse gas emissions are reduced, the less need there will be to adapt to the im- pacts of a changing climate. SEC. 2. Incorporating Climate Resilience into Inter- national Development. (a) Agencies with direct inter- national development programs and investments shall: (i) incorporate climate-resilience considerations into decisionmaking by: (A) assessing and evaluating climate-related risks to and vulnerabilities in agency strategies, planning, pro- grams, projects, investments, overseas facilities, and related funding decisions, using best-available climate- change data, tools, and information, including those identified or developed pursuant to sections 3 and 4 of this order; and (B) as appropriate, adjusting strategies, planning, programs, projects, investments, and related funding decisions, including the planning for and management of overseas facilities, based on such assessments and evaluations; (ii) collaborate with other agencies to share knowl- edge, data, tools, information, frameworks, and lessons learned in incorporating climate-resilience consider- ations into agency strategy, planning, programs, projects, investments, and related funding decisions, including the planning for and management of overseas facilities; (iii) work with other countries, as appropriate, to identify climate risks and incorporate climate-resil- ience considerations into their international develop- ment assistance efforts; (iv) when determining how to use resources, support efforts of vulnerable countries to integrate climate-re- silience considerations into national, regional, and sec- toral development planning and action; and (v) monitor progress in integrating and promoting climate-resilient development considerations as re- quired by this subsection. (b) Agencies that participate in multilateral entities and other agencies with representation in multilateral development entities, including multilateral develop- ment banks and United Nations organizations, shall, as appropriate: (i) work to encourage multilateral entities to: (A) assess and evaluate climate-related risks to and vulnerabilities in their strategies, planning, programs, projects, investments, and related funding decisions, using best-available climate-change data, tools, and in- formation; and (B) adjust their strategies, planning, programs, projects, investments, and related funding decisions, as appropriate, based on such assessments and evalua- tions; (ii) collaborate with multilateral entities and share with agencies and other stakeholders knowledge, data, tools, information, frameworks, and lessons learned from the multilateral entities in incorporating cli- mate-resilience considerations into strategies, plan- ning, programs, projects, investments, and related funding decisions; (iii) encourage multilateral entities to support efforts of vulnerable countries to integrate climate-resilience considerations into national, regional, and sectoral de- velopment planning and action; and (iv) monitor the efforts of multilateral entities in in- tegrating climate-resilient development considerations as encouraged by this order. SEC. 3. Enhancing Data, Tools, and Information for Cli- mate-Resilient International Development. Agencies with direct international development programs and invest- ments and those that participate in multilateral enti- ties shall work together with science and security agencies and entities, through the Working Group on Climate-Resilient International Development estab- lished in section 4 of this order, to identify and develop, as appropriate, data, decision-support tools, and infor- mation to allow the screening for and incorporation of considerations of climate-change risks and vulnerabilities, as appropriate, in strategies, plans, programs, projects, investments, and related funding decisions, including the planning for and management of overseas facilities. In addition, such agencies shall coordinate efforts, including those undertaken pursu- ant to Executive Order 13653, to deliver information on climate-change impacts and make data, tools, and in- formation available to decisionmakers in other coun- tries, so as to build their capacity as information pro- viders and users. United States participants in relevant multilateral entities shall share this information with the respective multilateral entity, as appropriate. SEC. 4. Working Group on Climate-Resilient Inter- national Development. (a) Establishment. There is estab- lished a Working Group on Climate-Resilient Inter- national Development (Working Group) of the Council on Climate Preparedness and Resilience (Council) es- tablished by Executive Order 13653. The Secretary of the Treasury and the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, or their designees, shall co-chair the Working Group. Agencies with direct international development programs and investments, agencies that participate in multilateral entities, and science and security agencies and entities shall designate a representative from their respective agencies or entities to participate in the Working Group. Representatives from other agencies or entities may participate in the Working Group as determined by the Co-Chairs. (b) Mission and Function. (i) The Working Group shall: (A) develop, for agencies with direct international de- velopment programs and investments, guidelines for in- tegrating considerations of climate-change risks and climate resilience into agency strategies, plans, pro- grams, projects, investments, and related funding deci- sions, including the planning for and management of overseas facilities; (B) assess and identify, for agencies with direct inter- national development programs and investments, exist- ing climate-change data, tools, and information, as de- scribed in section 3 of this order, to help agencies as- sess climate risks and make decisions that incorporate climate-resilience considerations, such as through project screening. To the extent the Working Group identifies needs for new data, tools, and information, it shall work with relevant science and security agencies and entities to advance their development, as appro- priate; (C) identify approaches for adjusting strategies, plan- ning, programs, projects, investments, and related funding decisions, including the planning for and man- agement of overseas facilities, to respond to the find- ings of climate-risk assessments; (D) facilitate the exchange of knowledge, data, tools, information, frameworks, and lessons learned in assess- ing climate risks to and incorporating climate-resil- ience considerations into strategies, planning, pro- grams, projects, investments, and related funding deci- sions, including the planning for and management of overseas facilities, of agencies with direct inter- national development programs and investments, in- cluding efforts referenced in section 3 of this order; (E) work through existing channels to share best practices developed by the Working Group with other donor countries and multilateral entities to facilitate advancement of climate-resilient development policies; (F) promote interagency collaboration, including through joint training; and (G) develop, for agencies with direct international de- velopment programs and investments, methods for Page 576 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151 tracking and reporting on Federal Government progress in institutionalizing more climate-resilient development approaches, including performance metrics. (ii) The Co-Chairs of the Council may designate addi- tional Co-Chairs of the Working Group. The Co-Chairs of the Working Group may establish sub-working groups, as appropriate. SEC. 5. Implementation and Reporting of Progress. (a) Implementation. To promote sustained focus on imple- mentation, both at agency headquarters and in the field, the Working Group shall: (i) establish a 2-year timeline, divided into 6-month intervals, to implement section 4(b)(i) of this order, setting forth specific goals to be accomplished and milestones to be achieved; and (ii) analyze, at least annually, the Federal Govern- ment’s progress in implementing this order and provide recommendations for priority areas for further imple- mentation to the Council, Office of Management and Budget, National Security Council, Council on Envi- ronmental Quality, Office of Science and Technology Policy, and other agencies, offices, and entities, as ap- propriate. (b) Reporting. (i) Agencies with direct international development programs and investments shall report on and track progress in achieving the requirements identified in section 2(a) of this order, including accomplished and planned milestones, through the Federal Agency Plan- ning process set forth in section 5 of Executive Order 13653. Once the Working Group has developed metrics and methodologies as required by section 4(b)(i)(G) of this order, agency reporting shall include an esti- mation of the proportion of each agency’s direct inter- national development programs and investments for which climate-risk assessments have been conducted, as well as an estimation of the proportion of the pro- grams and investments for which climate risk was identified and acted upon. (ii) Agencies that participate in multilateral entities shall report on the efforts of multilateral entities in in- tegrating climate-resilient development considerations into their operations through the Federal Agency Plan- ning process set forth in section 5 of Executive Order 13653. Where more than one agency is involved in the U.S. Government’s participation in a multilateral enti- ty, the lead agency for such participation shall be re- sponsible for reporting, in coordination with the other agencies involved. SEC. 6. Climate-Change Mitigation. As agencies incor- porate climate-resilience considerations into inter- national development work, they shall continue seek- ing opportunities to help international partners pro- mote sustainable low-emissions development. The Fed- eral Government has greatly increased the number and variety of international development initiatives fo- cused on climate-change mitigation, including pro- grams to promote clean energy, energy efficiency, and sustainable land-use and forestry practices, as well as partnerships with more than two dozen countries to formulate and implement sustainable low-emissions de- velopment strategies. Within 1 year of the date of this order, and building on the full range of efforts the United States has undertaken to date, the National Se- curity Council shall convene relevant agencies and en- tities to explore further mitigation opportunities in broader U.S. international development work and de- velop recommendations for further action. SEC. 7. Definitions. As used in this order: (a) ‘‘Adaptation’’ has the meaning provided in section 8(b) of Executive Order 13653: adjustment in natural or human systems in anticipation of or response to a changing environment in a way that effectively uses beneficial opportunities or reduces negative effects; (b) ‘‘Direct international development programs and investments’’ refers to: (i) bilateral, regional, and multilateral international development programs and investments over which agencies have primary programmatic and financial management responsibilities; or (ii) the extension of official financing by agencies bi- laterally to private sector investors to support inter- national development; (c) ‘‘Climate-change mitigation’’ refers to actions that reduce or enhance removals of greenhouse gas emissions; (d) ‘‘Resilience’’ has the meaning provided in section 8(c) of Executive Order 13653: the ability to anticipate, prepare for, and adapt to changing conditions and with- stand, respond to, and recover rapidly from disruptions; (e) ‘‘Agencies with direct international development programs and investments’’ means the Department of State, Department of Agriculture, Department of the Interior, United States Agency for International Devel- opment, Millennium Challenge Corporation, Overseas Private Investment Corporation [now United States International Development Finance Corporation], United States Trade and Development Agency, and other relevant agencies and entities, as determined by the Working Group Co-Chairs; (f) ‘‘Science and security agencies and entities’’ means the Department of the Interior, Department of Energy, Office of Science and Technology Policy, Na- tional Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Na- tional Aeronautics and Space Administration, United States Global Change Research Program, Office of the Director of National Intelligence, and other relevant agencies and entities, as determined by the Working Group Co-Chairs; and (g) ‘‘Agencies that participate in multilateral enti- ties’’ means the Department of the Treasury, Depart- ment of State, and other relevant agencies and entities, as determined by the Working Group Co-Chairs. SEC. 8. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law or Executive Order to an executive department, agency, or head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Man- agement and Budget relating to budgetary, administra- tive, or legislative proposals. (b) This order shall be implemented consistent with U.S. obligations under international agreements and applicable U.S. law, and shall be subject to the avail- ability of appropriations. (c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforce- able at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person. BARACK OBAMA. COORDINATION OF POLICIES AND PROGRAMS TO PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER WOMEN AND GIRLS GLOBALLY Memorandum of President of the United States, Jan. 30, 2013, 78 F.R. 7989, provided: Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Depart- ments and Agencies Promoting gender equality and advancing the status of all women and girls around the world remains one of the greatest unmet challenges of our time, and one that is vital to achieving our overall foreign policy ob- jectives. Ensuring that women and girls, including those most marginalized, are able to participate fully in public life, are free from violence, and have equal ac- cess to education, economic opportunity, and health care increases broader economic prosperity, as well as political stability and security. During my Administration, the United States has made promoting gender equality and advancing the sta- tus of women and girls a central element of our foreign policy, including by leading through example at home. Executive Order 13506 of March 11, 2009, established the White House Council on Women and Girls to coordinate Federal policy on issues, both domestic and inter- national, that particularly impact the lives of women and girls. This commitment to promoting gender equal- ity is also reflected in the National Security Strategy of the United States, the Presidential Policy Directive Page 577 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151 on Global Development, and the 2010 U.S. Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review. To elevate and integrate this strategic focus on the promotion of gender equality and the advancement of women and girls around the world, executive depart- ments and agencies (agencies) have issued policy and operational guidance. For example, in March 2012, the Secretary of State issued Policy Guidance on Promoting Gender Equality to Achieve our National Security and For- eign Policy Objectives, and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Administrator re- leased Gender Equality and Female Empowerment Policy. The Millennium Challenge Corporation issued Gender Integration Guidelines in March 2011 to ensure its exist- ing gender policy is fully realized. My Administration has also developed a National Action Plan on Women, Peace, and Security, created pursuant to Executive Order 13595 of December 19, 2011, to strengthen conflict resolution and peace processes through the inclusion of women, and a Strategy to Prevent and Respond to Gen- der-based Violence Globally, implemented pursuant to Executive Order 13623 of August 10, 2012, to combat gen- der-based violence around the world. Improving inter- agency coordination and information sharing, and strengthening agency capacity and accountability will help ensure the effective implementation of these and other Government efforts to promote gender equality and advance the status of women and girls globally. By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, and in order to further strengthen the capac- ity of the Federal Government to ensure that U.S. di- plomacy and foreign assistance promote gender equal- ity and advance the status of women and girls world- wide, I hereby direct the following: SECTION 1. Strengthening Capacity and Coordination to Promote Gender Equality and Advance the Status of Women and Girls Internationally. (a) Enhancing U.S. global leadership on gender equality requires dedicated resources, personnel with appropriate expertise in ad- vancing the status of women and girls worldwide, and commitment from senior leadership, as exemplified by the critical and historic role played by the Office of Global Women’s Issues at the Department of State. To assure maximum coordination of efforts to promote gender equality and advance the status of women and girls, the Secretary of State (Secretary) shall designate a coordinator (Coordinator), who will normally also be appointed by the President as an Ambassador at Large (Ambassador at Large) subject to the advice and con- sent of the Senate. The Ambassador at Large, who shall report directly to the Secretary of State, shall lead the Office of Global Women’s Issues at the Department of State and provide advice and assistance on issues re- lated to promoting gender equality and advancing the status of women and girls internationally. (b) The Ambassador at Large shall, to the extent the Secretary may direct and consistent with applicable law, provide guidance and coordination with respect to global policies and programs for women and girls, and shall lead efforts to promote an international focus on gender equality more broadly, including through diplo- matic initiatives with other countries and partnerships and enhanced coordination with international and non- governmental organizations and the private sector. To this end, the Ambassador at Large shall also, to the ex- tent the Secretary may direct, assist in: (i) implementing existing and developing new poli- cies, strategies, and action plans for the promotion of gender equality and advancement of the status of women and girls internationally, and coordinating such actions with USAID and other agencies carrying out re- lated international activities, as appropriate; and (ii) coordinating such initiatives with other countries and international organizations, as well as with non- governmental organizations. (c) Recognizing the vital link between diplomacy and development, and the importance of gender equality as both a goal in itself and as a vital means to achieving the broader aims of U.S. development assistance, the Senior Coordinator for Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment at USAID shall provide guidance to the USAID Administrator in identifying, developing, and advancing key priorities for U.S. development assist- ance, coordinating, as appropriate, with other agencies. (d) The Assistant to the President for National Secu- rity Affairs (or designee), in close collaboration with the Chair of the White House Council on Women and Girls (or designee) and the Ambassador at Large (or designee), shall chair an interagency working group to develop and coordinate Government-wide implementa- tion of policies to promote gender equality and advance the status of women and girls internationally. The Working Group shall consist of senior representatives from the Departments of State, the Treasury, Defense, Justice, Agriculture, Commerce, Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Homeland Security; the Intelligence Community, as determined by the Di- rector of National Intelligence; the United States Agency for International Development; the Millennium Challenge Corporation; the Peace Corps; the U.S. Mis- sion to the United Nations; the Office of the United States Trade Representative; the Office of Management and Budget; the Office of the Vice President; the Na- tional Economic Council; and such other agencies and offices as the President may designate. SEC. 2. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this memo- randum shall be construed to impair or otherwise af- fect: (i) the authority granted by law or Executive Order to an executive department, agency, or the head there- of; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Man- agement and Budget relating to budgetary, administra- tive, or legislative proposals. (b) This memorandum shall be implemented con- sistent with applicable law and subject to the avail- ability of appropriations. (c) Upon designation as such by the Secretary, the Coordinator shall exercise the functions of the Ambas- sador at Large set forth in this memorandum. (d) This memorandum is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or proce- dural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person. (e) The Secretary of State is hereby authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register. BARACK OBAMA. PARTNERSHIP FOR GLOBAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND INVESTMENT Memorandum of President of the United States, June 26, 2022, 87 F.R. 39323, provided: Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Depart- ments and Agencies By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, and to establish my Administration’s policy and approach to executing the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment (PGII), it is hereby or- dered as follows: SECTION 1. Policy. Infrastructure is critical to driving a society’s productivity and prosperity. When done well, infrastructure connects workers to good jobs; al- lows businesses to grow and thrive; facilitates the de- livery of vital services; creates opportunities for all segments of society, including underserved commu- nities; moves goods to markets; enables rapid informa- tion-sharing and communication; protects societies from the effects of climate change and public health crises or other emergencies; and supports global con- nection among nations. Infrastructure comes in many forms and sizes, from the large-scale energy systems that power inclusive economies, to the local healthcare networks that contribute to global health security, to the range of innovative infrastructure developed Page 578 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151 through investments from financial institutions and small- and medium-sized enterprises. My Administra- tion is making an urgent, once-in-a-generation invest- ment in domestic infrastructure that will create jobs, help address the climate crisis, and help the Nation re- cover from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID–19) pandemic—and the same focus is needed around the globe. Internationally, infrastructure has long been under- funded, with over $40 trillion in estimated need in the developing world—a need that will only increase with the climate crisis and population growth. Many low- and middle-income countries lack adequate access to high-quality financing that meets their long-term in- frastructure investment needs. Too often, financing op- tions lack transparency, fuel corruption and poor gov- ernance, and create unsustainable debt burdens, often leading to projects that exploit, rather than empower, workers; exacerbate challenges faced by vulnerable populations, such as forced displacement; degrade nat- ural resources and the environment; threaten economic stability; undermine gender equality and human rights; and put insufficient focus on cybersecurity best prac- tices—a failure that can contribute to vulnerable infor- mation and communications technology networks. The underinvestment in infrastructure is not just fi- nancial, but also technical. Delivering high-quality in- frastructure in low- and middle-income countries must include helping to establish and improve the necessary institutional and policy frameworks, regulatory envi- ronment, and human capacity to ensure the sustainable delivery of services to communities; defining strong en- gineering, environmental, social, governance, and labor standards; and structuring projects to attract private investment. Through the PGII, the United States and like-minded partners will emphasize high-standards and quality investments in resilient infrastructure that will drive job creation, safeguard against corruption, guarantee respect for workers’ organizations and col- lective bargaining as allowed by national law or simi- lar mechanisms, support inclusive economic recovery, address risks of environmental degradation, promote robust cybersecurity, promote skills transfer, and pro- tect American economic prosperity and national secu- rity. The PGII will also advance values-driven infra- structure development that is carried out in a trans- parent and sustainable manner—financially, environ- mentally, and socially—to lead to better outcomes for recipient countries and communities. There is bipartisan support for international infra- structure development. The Congress passed the Better Utilization of Investments Leading to Development Act of 2018 (BUILD Act) (Division F of Public Law 115–254, 132 Stat. 3485) [22 U.S.C. 9601 et seq.] with bipartisan support to mobilize private-sector dollars to support economic development in low- and middle income coun- tries, which can include support for projects to build infrastructure, creating first-time access to electricity, starting businesses, and creating jobs. The BUILD Act institutionalized the United States’ commitment to private sector-funded development by establishing the United States International Development Finance Cor- poration (DFC), authorized a higher exposure cap for the DFC than the exposure cap for the former Overseas Private Investment Corporation, and provided new tools to engage entrepreneurs and investors to help low- and middle-income countries access private re- sources to generate economic growth. These invest- ments help ensure that our partners are stronger, cre- ate opportunities for people around the world, and re- duce the need for future United States foreign aid. In a similar spirit, in 2018 the Congress passed the AGOA and MCA Modernization Act (Public Law 115–167, 132 Stat. 1276) [see Short Title of 2018 Amendment note set out under section 3701 of Title 19, Customs Duties], authorizing the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) to make concurrent regional compacts under specified conditions, which can include investments in regional infrastructure. This new authority builds on the MCC’s record of delivering complex infrastructure projects that result in the delivery of vital services for communities and sustainable, inclusive economic growth. In addition, recognizing the need for access to high-quality, fair, and transparent financing for United States exporters and foreign buyers, the Congress also reauthorized the Export-Import Bank of the United States (EXIM) for 7 years in 2019. The EXIM’s reauthor- ization legislation also took steps to advance American leadership in transformational exports, which can in- clude support for goods and services necessary for open, secure, reliable, and interoperable information and communications technology. The United States and its partners have a long his- tory of providing high-quality financing and technical support for infrastructure projects throughout the world. However, the lack of a comprehensive approach for coordinating infrastructure investments with like- minded partners often leads to inefficiencies and missed opportunities for coordinated investments to deliver at scale. Greater flexibility, speed, and re- sources, combined with expanded internal coordination within the United States Government, will provide op- portunities for the United States Government and United States companies to better meet the infrastruc- ture needs of low- and middle-income countries around the world. At the same time, greater coordination with G7 and other like-minded partners will increase effi- ciency and catalyze new financing to advance a shared vision of values driven, high-quality, and sustainable infrastructure around the world. Four key priorities relating to infrastructure will be especially critical for robust development in the com- ing decades: climate and energy security, digital connectivity, health and health security, and gender equality and equity. Economic prosperity and competi- tiveness will largely be driven by how well countries harness their digital and technology sectors and transi- tion to clean energy to provide environmentally sus- tainable and broadly shared, inclusive growth for their people. Countries not only will need new and retro- fitted infrastructure, secure clean energy supply chains, and secure access to critical minerals and met- als to facilitate energy access and transitions to clean energy, but also will need significant investments in infrastructure to make communities more resilient to diverse threats, from pandemics to malicious cyber ac- tors, to the increasing effects of climate change. Fur- ther, the COVID–19 pandemic has highlighted the un- equal infrastructure needs in the developing world and has disproportionately affected low- and middle-income countries and regions, particularly with respect to the health sector. In the developing world, the pandemic has also set back the economic participation of women and mem- bers of underserved communities and has reversed dec- ades of progress toward ending poverty, with global ex- treme poverty rising for the first time in more than 20 years due to COVID–19. The pandemic has highlighted the need for expanded investments in and high-quality financing for strengthened health systems to both fight the current pandemic and prepare for future health cri- ses. It is therefore the policy of the United States to cata- lyze international infrastructure financing and devel- opment through the PGII, which is designed to offer low- and middle-income countries a comprehensive, transparent, values-driven financing choice for infra- structure development to advance climate and energy security, digital connectivity, health and health secu- rity, and gender equality and equity priorities. The PGII will mobilize public and private resources to meet key infrastructure needs, while enhancing American competitiveness in international infrastructure devel- opment and creating good jobs at home and abroad. In this effort, the United States is working in close part- nership with G7 and other like-minded partners toward infrastructure financing and infrastructure develop- ment that are sustainable, clean, resilient, inclusive, and transparent, and that adhere to high standards. SEC. 2. Approach. In order to meet the enormous in- frastructure needs in the developing world, a new ap- Page 579 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151 proach to international infrastructure development that emphasizes high-standards investment is needed. To meet this challenge and seize this opportunity, the PGII should: (a) partner with low- and middle-income countries to finance infrastructure across key sectors that advances the four key priorities critical to sustainable, inclusive growth: climate and energy security, digital connectivity, health and health security, and gender equality and equity; (b) promote the execution of projects in a timely fashion in consultation and partnership with host coun- tries and local stakeholders to meet their priority needs and opportunities, balancing both short- and longer-term priorities; (c) pursue the dual goals of advancing prosperity and surmounting global challenges, including the climate crisis, through the development of clean, climate-resil- ient infrastructure that drives job creation, accelerates clean energy innovation, and supports inclusive eco- nomic recovery; (d) support the policy and institutional reforms that are key to creating the conditions and capacity for sound projects and lasting results and to attracting pri- vate financing; (e) boost the competitiveness of the United States by supporting businesses, including small- and medium- sized enterprises in overseas infrastructure and tech- nology development, thereby creating jobs and eco- nomic growth here at home; (f) advance transparency, accountability, and per- formance metrics to allow assessment of whether in- vestments and projects deliver results and are respon- sive to country needs, are financially sound, and meet a high standard; (g) mobilize private capital from both the United States private sector and the private sector in partner countries; (h) build upon relationships with international finan- cial institutions, including the multilateral develop- ment banks (MDBs), to mobilize capital; (i) focus on projects that can attract complementary private-sector financing and catalyze additional mar- ket activity to multiply the positive impact on econo- mies and communities; (j) coordinate sources of bilateral and multilateral development finance to maximize the ability to meet infrastructure needs and facilitate the implementation of high standards for infrastructure investment; (k) uphold high standards for infrastructure invest- ments and procurement, which safeguard against brib- ery and other forms of corruption, better address cli- mate risks and risks of environmental degradation, promote skills transfer, generate good jobs, mitigate risks to vulnerable populations, and promote long-term economic and social benefits for economies and com- munities; and (l) align G7 and other like-minded partners to coordi- nate our respective approaches, investment criteria, expertise, and resources on infrastructure to advance a common vision and better meet the needs of low- and middle-income countries and regions. SEC. 3. Execution. (a) A whole-of-government approach is necessary to meet the challenge of international in- frastructure development, with executive departments and agencies (agencies) working together with like minded partners. The Special Presidential Coordinator for the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and In- vestment shall be responsible for overseeing the whole- of-government execution of these efforts and serving as the central node for United States coordination among the G7, as well as with other like-minded partners, the private sector, and other external actors. While specific lines of effort and initiatives may each have agency leads, such as on sourcing critical minerals or identi- fying trusted 5G and 6G vendors, whole-of-government policies should be addressed through the Coordinator. (b) Agencies shall, consistent with applicable law and available appropriations, prioritize support for the PGII and make strategic investments across the PGII’s key priorities of climate and energy security, digital connectivity, health and health security, and gender equality and equity. (c) The PGII shall be executed through the following key implementation efforts: (i) The Assistant to the President for National Secu- rity Affairs (APNSA), through the interagency process identified in National Security Memorandum 2 of Feb- ruary 4, 2021 (Renewing the National Security Council System) (NSM–2), shall submit a report to the Presi- dent within 180 days of the date of this memorandum [June 26, 2022]. The report shall include recommenda- tions on United States Government actions to boost the competitiveness of the United States in inter- national infrastructure development, and to improve coordination on international infrastructure develop- ment across relevant agencies. (ii) The Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of the Interior, the Secretary of Commerce, the Secretary of Labor, the Secretary of Health and Human Services, the Secretary of Transpor- tation, the Secretary of Energy, the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Develop- ment (USAID), and the heads of other relevant agencies shall prioritize programming consistent with the policy and approach described in sections 1 and 2 of this memorandum to support timely delivery of inter- national infrastructure development, particularly across the PGII’s four key priorities, as appropriate and consistent with their respective authorities. The Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of MCC, the CEO of DFC, the President of EXIM, the Director of the Trade and Development Agency (TDA), and the heads of other rel- evant independent agencies are encouraged to follow this same line of effort, as appropriate and consistent with their respective authorities. (iii) The Secretary of State shall direct Chiefs of Mis- sion to use all appropriate tools and to develop coordi- nation mechanisms—including through Embassy Deal Teams—to address host country strategic infrastruc- ture needs within the PGII’s four key priority areas. (iv) The Secretary of State and the Secretary of Com- merce, in consultation with the Secretary of Health and Human Services, the Secretary of Energy, the Ad- ministrator of USAID, the CEO of MCC, the CEO of DFC, the President of EXIM, and the Special Presi- dential Coordinator, shall develop a strategy for using Embassy Deal Teams to identify potential priority in- frastructure projects for the PGII and refer promising opportunities to relevant agencies for consideration, based on each agency’s strengths and authorities. (v) The Secretary of State, through the Special Presi- dential Coordinator and in consultation with the heads of other relevant agencies, shall coordinate diplomatic engagements to expand the PGII beyond the G7 to bring greater resources and opportunities for partner- ship. (vi) The Secretary of State, through the Special Pres- idential Coordinator and in consultation with the Sec- retary of the Treasury, the Secretary of Commerce, the Secretary of Labor, the Secretary of Health and Human Services, the Secretary of Transportation, the Admin- istrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, the Administrator of USAID, the CEO of MCC, and the CEO of DFC, shall lead interagency efforts regarding inter- national coordination on infrastructure development standards and metrics, including on labor and environ- ment, and certification mechanisms, including through the Blue Dot Network. (vii) The Secretary of Commerce, in consultation with the Administrator of the Small Business Adminis- tration, the President of EXIM, the Director of TDA, and the Special Presidential Coordinator, shall develop and implement a strategy to boost the competitiveness of the United States and promote the use of United States equipment and services in international infra- structure development. (viii) The Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State, the CEO of MCC, the CEO of DFC, and the Special Presidential Coordinator, shall Page 580 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151–1 develop and implement a strategy to catalyze private- sector investment and support low- and middle-income countries across the PGII’s four key priority areas. (ix) The Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Com- merce, the Secretary of Health and Human Services, the Administrator of USAID, and the Special Presi- dential Coordinator shall develop a plan for engaging the MDBs to foster high-quality infrastructure invest- ment and increased private-capital mobilization for low- and middle-income countries, and shall coordinate with like-minded partners in the plan’s execution. The CEO of DFC, in consultation with the Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, the Adminis- trator of USAID, and the Special Presidential Coordi- nator, is encouraged to develop a plan to enhance en- gagement with national and international development finance institutions to increase private-capital mobili- zation. (x) The Secretary of Transportation, in consultation with the heads of other relevant agencies, shall develop and implement a strategy to promote high-quality, sus- tainable, and resilient transportation infrastructure in low- and middle-income countries, including through the launch of a comprehensive toolkit for national, subnational, and multilateral partners that emphasizes best practices in planning, finance, project delivery, safety, and maintenance. (xi) The APNSA, through the interagency process identified in NSM–2 and in coordination with the Direc- tor of the Office of Management and Budget, shall iden- tify potential legislative and administrative actions that could improve the ability of United States eco- nomic development and assistance, development fi- nance, and export credit tools to meet international in- frastructure development needs. (xii) The APNSA, through the interagency process identified in NSM–2, shall lead biannual reviews to monitor the progress, metrics, and outcomes of the PGII’s investments and projects; identify strategic op- portunities across the PGII’s four key priorities; and ensure that the execution of the PGII aligns with, and supports, broader strategic United States national se- curity and economic objectives and values, including by supporting United States companies in inter- national infrastructure development. SEC. 4. Definition. For purposes of this memorandum, ‘‘agency’’ means any authority of the United States that is an ‘‘agency’’ under 44 U.S.C. 3502(1), other than one considered to be an independent regulatory agency, as defined in 44 U.S.C. 3502(5). ‘‘Agency’’ also means any component of the Executive Office of the President. SEC. 5. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this memo- randum shall be construed to impair or otherwise af- fect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive de- partment or agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Man- agement and Budget relating to budgetary, administra- tive, or legislative proposals. (b) This memorandum shall be implemented con- sistent with applicable law and subject to the avail- ability of appropriations. (c) This memorandum is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or proce- dural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person. (d) The Secretary of State is authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register. J.R. BIDEN, JR. § 2151–1. Development assistance policy (a) Principal purpose of bilateral development assistance The Congress finds that the efforts of devel- oping countries to build and maintain the social and economic institutions necessary to achieve self-sustaining growth and to provide opportuni- ties to improve the quality of life for their peo- ple depend primarily upon successfully marshal- ling their own economic and human resources. The Congress recognizes that the magnitude of these efforts exceeds the resources of developing countries and therefore accepts that there will be a long-term need for wealthy countries to contribute additional resources for development purposes. The United States should take the lead in concert with other nations to mobilize such resources from public and private sources. Provision of development resources must be adapted to the needs and capabilities of specific developing countries. United States assistance to countries with low per capita incomes which have limited access to private external re- sources should primarily be provided on concessional terms. Assistance to other devel- oping countries should generally consist of pro- grams which facilitate their access to private capital markets, investment, and technical skills, whether directly through guarantee or re- imbursable programs by the United States Gov- ernment or indirectly through callable capital provided to the international financial institu- tions. Bilateral assistance and United States partici- pation in multilateral institutions shall empha- size programs in support of countries which pur- sue development strategies designed to meet basic human needs and achieve self-sustaining growth with equity. The Congress declares that the principal pur- pose of United States bilateral development as- sistance is to help the poor majority of people in developing countries to participate in a process of equitable growth through productive work and to influence decisions that shape their lives, with the goal of increasing their incomes and their access to public services which will enable them to satisfy their basic needs and lead lives of decency, dignity, and hope. Activities shall be emphasized that effectively involve the poor in development by expanding their access to the economy through services and institutions at the local level, increasing their participation in the making of decisions that affect their lives, increasing labor-intensive production and the use of appropriate technology, expanding pro- ductive investment and services out from major cities to small towns and rural areas, and other- wise providing opportunities for the poor to im- prove their lives through their own efforts. Par- ticipation of the United States in multilateral institutions shall also place appropriate empha- sis on these principles. (b) Form of assistance; principles governing as- sistance Assistance under this part should be used not only for the purpose of transferring financial re- sources to developing countries, but also to help countries solve development problems in accord- ance with a strategy that aims to insure wide participation of the poor in the benefits of devel- opment on a sustained basis. Moreover, assist- ance shall be provided in a prompt and effective manner, using appropriate United States insti- tutions for carrying out this strategy. In order